XIII. 



Methods of Political Development, and Elimi- 

 nation of Warfare, 



HIS rise of empires, this coales- 

 cence of small groups of men into 

 larger and larger political aggre- 

 gates, has been the chief work of civil- 

 ization, when looked at on its political 

 side. 13 Like all the work of evolution, this 

 process has gone on irregularly and inter- 

 mittently, and its ultimate tendency has 

 only gradually become apparent. This 

 process of coalescence has from the outset 

 been brought about by the needs of in- 

 dustrial civilization, and the chief obstacle 

 which it has had to encounter has been 

 the universal hostility and warfare be- 

 queathed from primeval times. The his- 

 tory of mankind has been largely made up 

 of fighting, but in the careers of the most 



