86 The Destiny of Man. 



progressive races this fighting has been 

 far from meaningless, like the battles of 

 kites and crows. In the stream of history 

 which, beginning on the shores of the 

 Mediterranean Sea, has widened until in 

 our day it covers both sides of the At- 

 lantic and is fast extending over the re- 

 motest parts of the earth, in this main 

 stream of history the warfare which has 

 gone on has had a clearly discernible pur- 

 pose and meaning. Broadly considered, 

 this warfare has been chiefly the struggle 

 of the higher industrial civilization in de- 

 fending itself against the attacks of neigh- 

 bours who had not advanced beyond that 

 early stage of humanity in which warfare 

 was chronic and normal. During the his- 

 toric period, the wars of Europe have been 

 either contests between the industrial and 

 the predatory types of society, or contests 

 incident upon the imperfect formation of 

 large political aggregates. There have 

 been three ways in which great political 

 bodies have arisen. The earliest and low. 



