234 ACROSS AFRICA. [Chap. 



June, heathen Arabs trading there before the time of Mohammed ; 

 ^^'^- and this idea is strengthened by the fact tliat when the first 

 . traders from Zanzibar crossed the Tanganyika, the ceremony 

 was nnknown to the westward of that lake. 



Tliat which I have termed Pakwanywa's harmonium, for 

 want of a better name, was composed of a board, to which were 

 attached a number of springy iron keys, of different lengtlis 

 and breadths, to give variety to their tone, and a gourd was 

 placed behind to act as a sounding-board. The keys are played 

 on by the thumbs, and a fair amount of music can be extracted 

 from this instrument by a clever performer. They are called 

 kinanda by the natives, but kinanda is a generic term for al- 

 most all musical instruments. 



The following is the description of Mrs. Pakwanywa as I 

 wrote it at the time of my visit : 



" She is a merry sort of person, and really lady-like in her 

 manners. It was great fun showing her a looking-glass. She 

 had never seen one before, and was half afraid of it, and 

 ashamed to show she was afraid. She is a very dressy body, 

 double row of cowries round her head, besides copper, iron, and 

 ivory ornaments stuck in her hair, and just above and in front 

 of each ear a little tassel of red and white beads. A large neck- 

 lace of shells (viongwa) round her neck, and round her waist 

 a string of opal-colored singo-mazzi, and a roll (or rope) made 

 of strings of a dull, red-colored bead. Her front apron was a 

 leopard - skin, and the rear one of colored grass -cloth, with its 

 fringe strung with beads "and cowries sewed on it in a pattern ; 

 bright iron rings round her ankles, and copper and ivory brace- 

 lets on her arms. Her hair was shaved a little back from her 

 forehead, and three lines, each about a quarter of an inch wide, 

 painted below it. The one nearest the hair was red, the next 

 black, and the next white, and, to crown all, she was freshly 

 anointed with inpafu oil, and looked sleek and shiuy." 



The upper classes of Ubudjwa wear similar dresses, orna- 

 ments, and tattoo-marks to those of the Waguhha and Warua, 

 and are apparently of the same race. 



The lower orders, whom I believe to be the aborigines, are 

 quite different in features and dress. Their women perforate 

 their upper lips, and insert a piece of stone or wood, which is 



