which they spring. (Minks Microgonid. p. 148, etc.) The 

 hypha-nature of the spermatia was indeed long since indicated 

 by Itzigsohn (Bot. Zeit., 1854, cited by Minks) who described 

 the evolution, from little heaps of gonidia overrun with sper- 

 matia, of a l perfect thallus, the filamentous layer of which 

 formed itself of the spermatia, as the gonimous of the gonidia.'(*) 

 But it is not by the fructification (apothecium) alone that the 

 propagation of lichens is effected ; nor is the soredium the only 

 ancillary structure to the same end. We cannot indeed look 

 here for the remarkable luxuriance in this respect pointed out 

 by Tulasne in Fungi (developing thus Fries's dictum that the 

 whole fungus is a fructification), but the resemblance between 

 more than one of the organs of reproduction of the latter Class 

 and certain lichen-structures is so close that, in the best-known 

 of these, scarcely a doubt seems to have been entertained that 

 the two do not differ. Minks, whose labours have already been 

 marked in revising the very uncertain difference between the 

 two Classes has as yet only touched the question of the mor- 

 phology of the Pycnis of Tulasne as a lichen-structure ; but 

 enough appears to make it safer to follow him in distinguish- 

 ing the latter from the structure of the same name in Fungi. The 

 Clinosporangium (Minks; Pycnis, Tul. pro p.) is then a mostly 

 very minute, Verrucariseform conceptacle, similar generally to 

 spermogones externally, which is clothed within with short, 

 thickish, always simple, converging filaments ( Clinidia, Minks) 

 generating at their summits spore-like bodies (Clinospores, 

 Minks). Clinosporangia occur by no means very rarely, but are 

 chiefly to be looked for in the lower Graphidacei and Verrwca- 

 riacei ; and especially such the thallus of which is hypophlceous, 

 or innate in the matrix. The observations of our author upon 

 the development of Clinosporangia in the hypophlcsous thallus 



(*) This part of the book being prepared last, exhibits a later view 

 of some points of structure than appears in the earlier portion ; as 

 especially in regard to Sperinogone, and Spermatium. 



