UMBILICAKIA. 83 



of this species in its more normal conditions, as exhibited in 

 the northern hemisphere, it is perhaps easier to compare it 

 (externally) with that of Sticta, as in 8. faveolata, etc.; 

 however surprisingly the same fruit be afterwards modified, 

 as in U. pustulata, v. papulosa, and U. Pennsylvania. We 

 do not find any approach to this more normal coloration, 

 and greater Parrnelieine or Sticteiue regularity of the exciple 

 in the other section of the genus, unless it be, rarely, in 

 U. rugifera, Nyl., occurring now glaucous with fruit little 

 darker (California, Bolander) and in the Himalayan U. 

 Iccanocarpoides, Nyl. This fruit is indeed now Lecideoid, as 

 in U. anthracina, but quickly passes into those gyrose states 

 which especially mark the section; or is developed into 

 the starry clusters, more remarkable than anything else in 

 the metamorphoses of the genus, which characterize U. 

 Muhlenbergii. 



* Apothecia patellate, now angulate, or even oblong ; for the 

 most part plicate ; or the oblong sort finally grouped in stellate 

 clusters. Spores mostly simple, but now muriform-multilocular. 

 Thallus not papulose ; the cortical layer for the most part only 

 imperfectly parenchymatous above, and scarcely at all so below. 

 Gyrophora, Fee, Flot, & other recent authors. 



f Stock of U. anthracina. Alpine lichens; but 1, 5, 

 and 6 descending. 



1. U. rugifera, Nyl. ; thallus middling-sized, one-leaved, co- 

 riaceous, at length rigid, more or less rugged with coarse, retic- 

 ulated wrinkles; pale ash-coloured, at length darkening, or now 

 olive-brown; beneath pale, with now a rosy tinge, and beset 

 more or less with scattered, or more rarely dense, pale or dark- 

 ening fibrils; apothecia small to middling, primarily adnate, 

 orbicular, simple, with a thin, persistent, finally flexuous margin ; 

 becoming at last proliferous. Spores ellipsoid, simple, fusees- 

 cent, or decolorate, ^- mic. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 117. Th. 



Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 156. 



Alpine rocks (Eastern Siberia, Nyl. Norwegian Alps, Th. 

 JV.), and descending. Greenland, Giseke. Yosemite Valley and 

 Mountains of California (Bolander), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Al- 

 pine region of Mt. Hood, Oregon, Hall. 



