UMBILICARIA. 89 



this series agrees in size as in every other respect with the spore 

 of U. angulata; and is yet accompanied, in the same lichen, 

 with the larger, muriform ones. The bearing of this is obvious. 

 Gyrophora of authors cannot be distinguished from their Umbil- 

 icaria by simple spores ; and the latter organs are rather to be 

 called decolorate than colourless. 



* * Apothecia sub-scutellate, becoming plicate, and proliferous. 

 Spores muriform-multilocular. Thallus papulous; the cortical 

 layer parenchymatous throughout. Spores solitary, or in twos. 



Umbilicaria, Fee, Flot., and many recent authors. In this 



section the genus reaches its best development. The denigra- 

 tion of the fruit is often less marked than in the first section, 

 and its internal structure less divergent from that of Parme- 

 liaceous types : and in these respects, and in the structure of the 

 thallus as well, there is suggested a clear, if distant association 

 with Sticta. 



15. U. Caroliniana, Tuckerm. ; thallus middling, membrana- 

 ceous, becoming polyphyllous, and the rounded lobes compli- 

 cated, very smooth, irregularly or obscurely papulous; from olive- 

 at length blackish-brown ; beneath pitted, granulate, very black; 

 beset here and there with a few strong fibrils ; apothecia small, 

 attached only at the centre, and elevated, from simple with a 

 thick margin soon plicate, and finally proliferous. Spores ellip- 

 soid, muriform-multilocular, brown, ^ mic. Obs. Lich. 4, 



1. c. p. 167. U. mammulata, Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 69, non 

 Ach.,fideNyl. 



Rocks, Grandfather mtn., North Carolina (Curtis], Tucker- 

 man Syn. 1848. High mountains of North Carolina, Buckley. 



16. U. Pennsylvania, Hoffm. ; thallus large, one-leaved, 

 coriaceous, papulous ; from ashy- at length smoky-brown, often 

 white powdery at the centre; beneath granulate, brownish- 

 black, without fibrils ; apothecia small, attached at the centre, 

 simple, flat ; but becoming proliferous, and excluding finally the 

 obtuse, soon striate, and flexuous margin. Spores solitary, ellip- 

 soid, muriform-multilocular, blackish-brown, J^ mic. Hoffm. 



PI. Lich. 3, p. 5. Hook, in App. Frarikl. exp. p. 759. Tuck, 

 exs. n. 40. 



Rocks, Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), Hoffmann I. c. 1801. The 

 lichen occurs from Arctic America, Bichardson, throughout the 

 Atlantic States, to Georgia, Eavenel. 



