236 CLADONIA. 



10, /. 3. Pilophoron, Nyl. Syn. p. 228, t. 7, /. 4. P. polycarpum, 

 Tuck. Suppl. 1, I c. p. 427. 



Rocks, bordering water courses, a, White Mountains, Tuck- 

 erman I c. 1848. Adirondack Mountains, New York (ill-distin- 

 guishable from c, and in the cephalodia not at all, in the speci- 

 mens), Peck. The lichen is better, exhibited here than in 

 Europe, and is not likely to be confused with Stereocaulon 



pileatum. 5, Cascade Mountains, Oregon, E. Hall. A stouter 



plant than a ; and, in the specimens, dark-ash-coloured : the 



cephalodia not seen. c, Pacific Coast, Menzies, Douglass, 



Hall, etc. ; as in the Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. d, Islands 



of Behring's Straits, Wright ; as also in Norway, Th. Fr. I. c. 



XLI. CLADONIA, Hoffm. 



Apothecia for the most part soon inflated and cephaloid ; 

 hollow within ; variously coloured (not black). Spores 

 ovoid-oblong; simple; colourless. Spermatia staff-shaped; 

 on sub-simple sterigmas. Podetia fistulous ; cartilagineous ; 

 cup-shaped ; or funnel-shaped ; or at length shrub-like, and 

 very much branched; rarely club-shaped; the horizontal 

 thallus squamulose ; or very rarely granulose (n. 13), now 



deficient. The spores of Cladonia are small, and differ 



but little in dimensions; the extremes of those given by 

 Nylander (Syn.) being 7-17 mmm - by 3-5 mmm -. For the anat- 

 omy, see Tulasne Mem. sur. les Lich. (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, 17) 

 pp. 24, 36, 171, t. 10, /. 6-11, t. ll,/. 11-17; & Schwendener 



Untersuch. I. c. 2, p. 168, t. 6,/. 23-27. The chief, recent 



arrangements of this genus have all started from that of 

 Fries; and, except in terminology and other less important 

 respects, have varied from it but little, nor then perhaps 

 always with advantage. It is followed here, with some ex- 

 ceptions long since (Syn. K E.) proposed and still adhered 

 to by me; C. rangiferina finding, I conceive, the most 

 natural place next after C.furcata, in the Fuscescentes ; and 

 C. uncialis next after C. amaurocrcea, in the Ochroleucce. 

 And this from the analogy of C. cristatella, and C. leporina. 

 The former (a member of Acharius's section Helopodium) 



