EIGHTH AND NINTH PAIR OF NERVES. 393 



occipital and temporal bones ; where they all pass out of the 

 cranium ; separated from each other, and from the internal 

 jugular vein, by small processes of the dura mater. ~ ^ 



Their destination is extremely different. The glosso-pharyn- 

 geal is spent upon the tongue and pharynx; the par vagum 

 upon the contents of the thorax and abdomen, &c., while the 

 accessory branch, which seems to have no connexion with them, 

 perforates the sterno-mastoid muscle, and is distributed among 

 the muscles of the shoulder. 



The ninth pair arise from the corpora pyramidalia by many 

 filaments, that are united on each side into three or four fasciculi, 

 which perforate the dura mater separately, and then unite to pass 

 out of the anterior condyloid foramen of the occipital bone : 

 this pair is spent upon the muscles of the tongue. 



Within the last three or four years, there have been many allusions in the 

 public papers, to the discoveries of Dr. Gall, formerly of Vienna, respecting the 

 brain. For information concerning these discoveries, the reader is referred to 

 a very learned and judicious Memoir, presented to the class of Mathematical 

 and Physical Sciences of the National Institute of France, by Messrs. Tenon, 

 Portal, Sabatier, Pinel, and Cuvier. 



A translation of this report has been published in the fifth volume of the 

 Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal for 1809. See, also, Lessons in Prac- 

 tical Anatomy by the present editor, part I. 



Galen taught that there were two motions in the brain, one caused by the 

 pulsation of the arteries, the other by respiration, the air being admitted into 

 the ventricles through the ethmoidal and sphenoidal cells. Vasalius and Fallo- 

 pius refuted the latter opinion and exposed its error. In 1744, Mr. Schlich- 

 ting, of Amsterdam, announced to the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, 

 that the brain was elevated in expiration and depressed in inspiration. MM. 

 Haller and Lamard repeated his experiments, and found that the motion of 

 the brain depended on a reflux of blood through the internal jugulars, in cases 

 of laborious respiration, besides the common motion from the pulsation of the 

 arteries. See Discours sur i' Anatomic par Lassus. H. 



