PLUMAGE CHANGES OF THE HEN GROUSE 4 



broad - barred and the winter plumage with its very fine black cross - lines 

 (PL XIL, Figs, e, f, Z, and m). 



The legs and feet in July are naked, and the claws are very small ; but the 

 feathers are already showing through as small white points, not to be confused 

 with broken shafts, which occasionally result from wear and tear in woody 

 heather. 



The plumage of the hen Grouse in August is well known. It has already 

 been pointed out how, owing to the sudden increase of observation, and owing 

 to the sudden arrival of opportunities for examining an enormous 

 number of birds over the whole country during this month, there 

 has sprung up an idea that disease amongst Grouse has a recrudescence in the 

 autumn. But this is not the case. There are probably fewer diseased No 

 birds on the moor in August than there are in July. In July, outbreak 

 however, they are never shot, and therefore not investigated, but in ofdlsease - 

 August they are carefully picked out of every bag, and, owing to the general 

 interest in the question of disease, are almost always noticed, and in a large 

 proportion of cases publicly notified. Hence the idea that disease makes a new 

 start in August and September. As a matter of fact, however, these wasted 

 birds are almost certainly convalescent. They have been diseased, and they 

 are still suffering from disease, but thanks, in the majority of cases to their 

 sex (for the bulk of the sickly autumn birds are hens), they have avoided 

 actual death in the two highest mortality months, April and May. Once 

 tided over these fatal months, the food and general conditions of life improve, 

 the weight of the cock goes up, and the balance is again in favour of 

 recovery for him ; and although with the hen the exigencies of incubation and 

 the cares of the family continue to handicap her until June and even July, 

 she then rapidly begins to put on weight, and in August and September is 

 once more on the way towards complete recovery. Many sick-looking "piners" 

 are shot upon the moors in August, but it should be remembered that in 

 that month they are recovering from disease, and not growing worse ; while in 

 September many that were not up to the average weight the month before 

 will be practically normal and probably indistinguishable from healthy birds, 

 were it not that their serious indisposition of the preceding months has 

 put them behind their fellows in the matter of feather change. 



In August, therefore, the Committee's collection of skins contains a large 



number of examples of hen birds showing deferred moult and belated growth 

 VOL. i. D 



