"GROUSE DISEASE" STRONGYLOSIS 213 



duodenum of various species of the family Anatidoe. They are said to be very 

 fatal to young geese. 



(7) T. PERGRACILIS (Cobbold), 1873. Syn. S. pergracilis Cobbold, 1873. 

 From the caecum of Layopus scoticus. 



(8) T. QUADRIRADIATUS (Stevenson), 1904. Syn, S. quadriradiatus Stevenson. 

 From the intestines of pigeons. 



(9) T. EXTENUATUS (Railliet), 1898. Syn. S. gracilis M'Fadyean, 1897, not 

 Leuckart, 1842. This form occurs in the fourth stomach of cattle in England, 

 and in cattle, sheep, and goats in the United States. 1 



(10) T. OAPRICOLA Ransom, 1907. From goats and sheep in the United States. 



It is noticeable that this genus of parasite occurs only in vegetable feeders, 

 and that, whereas it lives always in the stomach or the duodenum of mammals, 

 it chiefly inhabits the cseca of birds. 



PARASITES OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS PERGRACILIS (Cobbold). 



In a female specimen two amoeboid organisms were making their way along 

 the body-cavity in the region of the "ovejector." Each was throwing out rounded 

 pseudopodia, and the distinction between the granular endosarc and the glassy 

 ectosarc was very sharp. Another specimen had some refringent bodies, in shape 

 like short rows of yeast-cells or fungi-spores, lying in the body-cavity. 



The life-history of Trichostrongylus pergracilis (Cobbold) is described by 

 Dr Leiper in Part II. of this chapter. 



(ii.) SYNGAUUS TRACHEALIS (Von Sieb). 

 The Red or Forked- Worm. 



We have found this common pest of the fowl-yard and pheasant-coop but twice 

 in the Grouse. Probably the free and un confined life of the Grouse, together 

 with the comparative paucity of earthworms on the moors, protects Grouse from 

 the " gapes," as the disease caused by the forked - worm is called. Earth- 

 worms abound in Scotland in the cultivated lands, pastures, and woodlands, 

 and occur even on the tops of mountains. Mr Wm. Evans tells me he has a 

 list of seventeen species of the Lumbricidse taken north of the Tweed, but they 

 are practically absent from the peat-moors, where heather, Grouse, and humic 



1 B. H. Ransom, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau Animal Industry, Circular 116, 1907. 



