THE TAPEWORMS (CESTODA) OF THE RED GROUSE 339 



cysticercoid becomes adult at the end of eight days. We have sought for the 

 cystic form in Limax flavus without success. 



Davainea echinohothrida, 1 which is possibly a synonym of D. tetragona, 

 causes a nodular disease in poultry, 2 a condition liable to be mistaken for 

 tuberculosis. This disease was first recorded in the United States by Moore 

 (1895), 3 from whose article the following extracts are made: 



" The nodules were invariably more numerous in the lowest third of the 

 small intestine. They occasionally appeared, however, in small numbers in 

 both the duodenum and colon. The larger and to all appearances older nodules 

 were found in the ileum near the ceeca. 



" In the badly affected portion the nodules gave the appearance of closely 

 set protuberances, varying in size from barely perceptible areas of elevation to 

 bodies 4 mm. (^ inch) in diameter. In some instances they appeared to over- 

 lap one another. When separated by a band of normal tissue they were round 

 or somewhat lenticular in form. In the latter case the long diameter was 

 usually transverse to the long axis of the intestine. The larger nodules were 

 of a pale dark-yellowish colour, while the smaller ones varied in shade from 

 the more highly coloured areas to the neutral grey of the normal serosa. To 

 the touch they gave the sensation that would be expected if the subserous and 

 muscular coats were closely studded with small, oval, solid bodies. The mucosa 

 presented similar elevations. Attached to the mucosa over the nodules were a 

 number of tapeworms. There were also in the more advanced cases a variable 

 number of small (0'5 to 1 mm.) areas over the larger nodules in which the 

 mucosa had sloughed, leaving small ulcerated depressions. 



"The larger nodules contained a greenish-yellow necrotic substance, which 

 appeared in the advanced stages as a sequestrum with a roughened surface. On 

 section it has a glistening, homogeneous appearance. Surrounding the necrotic 

 substance was a thin layer of infiltrated tissue. The smaller nodules contained 

 a more purulent-like substance, and the smallest appeared to the naked eye as 

 areas of infiltration. Sections of the affected intestine showed upon microscopic 

 examination that the heads of the tapeworms had penetrated the mucous 

 membrane, and were situated in different layers of the intestinal wall (of. 

 PI. LI., Fig. 5). They were frequently observed between villi. As would be 



1 B. H. Ranson, "Hanson's Eye Worm of Chicken, etc.," Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S.A., Bulletin 

 60, 1904. 



2 D. E. Salmon, " Tapeworms of Poultry," Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S.A., Bulletin 12, 1896. 



3 V. A. Moore, Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S.A., Circular III., 1895. 



