Intelligence and the Acquisition of Habits. 149 



10 that on a subsequent occasion its peculiar 



appearance suggests its peculiar nastiness. What is the 



| connection between the nastiness of a cinnabar caterpillar 



j and the checking of the tendency to eat it, or between the 



i niceness of the caterpillar of the small white butterfly, and 



; the added energy with which it is seized ? Why do taste- 



i stimuli of one kind have the one effect, and taste -stimuli 



I cf a different kind have just the opposite effect ? What 



; are the physiological concomitants of the augmentation of 



j response in the one case, and of the inhibition of response 



i in the other case ? I conceive that there is but one honest 



I answer to these questions. We do not know. This and 



I much beside must be left for the science of the future to 



I explain. This much may, however, be said. Certain 



stimuli call forth disturbances, probably in the cortex of 



! the brain, the result of which is the inhibition of activities 



j leading to the repetition of these stimuli ; certain others 



call forth cortical disturbances, the result of which is the 



augmentation of the activities which lead to their repetition. 



The accompaniments in consciousness of the former we call 



| unpleasant or painful ; the accompaniments in con- 



i sciousness of the latter we call pleasurable. This appears 



I to be a plain statement of the facts as we at present 



\ understand them.* 



Now, there can be no question as to the strongly-marked 

 ! hereditary element in such augmentation of response when 

 ! the cortical disturbances have pleasurable concomitants 

 i and the inhibition of response when the cortical disturb- 

 i ances have unpleasant concomitants. This is, in fact, 

 founded on the innate powers or faculties which the 

 I organism derives from its parents and more distant 



* Compare Prof. J. Mark Baldwin's statements in his Mental Develop- 

 f the Child and the Kace" (1895), p. 278 and elsewhere, concerning 

 terms "biological or organic imitation." 



