192 Habit and Instinct. 



in that the emotional reaction usually terminates in the 

 subject's own body, whilst the instinctive reaction is apt 

 to go further and enter into practical relations with the 

 exciting object." 



Although I cannot endorse the whole of Prof. James's 

 treatment, I quote this passage as indicating the close 

 alliance that exists between emotion and instinct. In 

 it the visceral elements are duly emphasized. Mr. H. 

 Butgers Marshall lays the main stress, it would seem, on 

 the motor elements ; and in his treatment, the close con- 

 nection between instinct and emotion is carried well-nigh 

 to the point of identification. "Instinct," he says,* "is, 

 strictly speaking, a term to be applied to tendencies 

 observed objectively in ourselves and others, and not to 

 the mental states which are co-ordinate with these 

 tendencies. The compound word instinct-feelings I shall 

 use to indicate the mental states that correspond to 

 instinctive activities. Emotions, then, may not im- 

 probably be found to be complex co-ordinated instinct- 

 feelings. ... It seems proper to define emotions as 

 relatively fixed psychoses (or mental states), corresponding 

 to fixed co-ordination of instinctive activities which arise 

 on the appearance of definite objects." Again, and more 

 recently, Mr. Marshall says,t " I have suggested that we 

 use the term ' instinct-feelings ' to indicate the conscious 

 coincidents of the animal activities we call instinctive; 

 and I have endeavoured to show that when these instinct 

 actions are relatively fixed and forceful, then their co- 

 incident ' instinct-feelings ' gain names, and form the class 

 of psychic states known as the emotions." Here, then, the 

 emotion is regarded as the subjective aspect of that which, 

 in its objective aspect, is an instinctive activity. 



* "Pain, Pleasure, and Esthetics," pp. 63-65. 

 t Nature, yol. lii. p. 130. 



