THE SHRIKES 163 



the scapulars externally white, and the lower rump and upper 

 tail-coverts somewhat lighter grey, the sides of the rump pure 

 white ; wings black, with two white wing-patches, one formed by 

 the white bases to the primaries, and the second by the white 

 bases of the outer secondaries ; all the latter tipped with white 

 and having a considerable amount of white near the base of 

 the inner web, some of the inner primaries having a small 

 white spot at the ends, and the outer primaries narrowly 

 fringed with whitish ; tail-feathers black, tipped with white, 

 this white tip obsolete on the centre feathers, out gradually in- 

 creasing in extent towards the outermost, which is also white 

 along the outer web ; crown of head like the back, and the 

 sides of the neck also grey ; the base of the forehead somewhat 

 whiter, and a slight streak of white over the eye ; lores, eyelid, 

 and ear-coverts, black ; cheeks and under surface of body, 

 white, with a faint grey shade on the breast and sides of body ; 

 under wing-coverts and quill-lining white ; bill black, the base 

 of the under mandible lighter ; feet and claws brownish-black ; 

 iris dark brown. Total length, 9 inches ; culmen, 0-9 ; win^, 

 4-4; tail, 4-35 ; tarsus, 1-05. 



Adult Female. Similar to the male, but with the white 

 patches on the wing a trifle smaller. Total length, 8*5 inches; 

 wing, 4'5- 



Young. Differs from the adult in having the scapulars grey 

 like the back, the whole of the upper surface being washed 

 with brown ; wings as in the adult, but the wing-coverts tipped 

 with brown ; lores and ear-coverts brownish-black ; under sur- 

 face of body ashy-whitish, the breast suffused with brown, with 

 darker brown margins to the feathers. 



Range in Great Britain. A winter visitor, having occurred in 

 all three kingdoms, and being regularly met with in England 

 every cold season. 



Range outside the British Islands A resident species in most 

 countries of Europe below the Baltic, but a summer visitor 

 only to Scandinavia and North Russia, ranging in the former 

 country up to lat. 70 N. Its eastern range, according to Mr. 

 Seebohm, extends to the Ural Mountains and the River Volga, 

 where it interbreeds with Pallas's Grey Shrike. Z. sibiricus. in 

 the former locality, and with the white-winged Grey Shrike, 



M 2 



