MINUTE ANIMAL PARASITES 



the joint deadly action of the scourges of malaria, 

 dysentery and yellow fever. The southern part of the 

 United States, and the West Indies to some extent, 

 have been hampered in many ways by the death-rate 

 due to malaria, though preventive measures during the 

 last few years have made conditions far more endurable. 

 Even Australia is not immune, for malarious areas 

 are known around the northern and eastern coasts. 



England in the Middle Ages was a great sufferer 

 from malaria, but the stories of the agues, marsh sick- 

 ness, and remittent fevers are now little more than 

 legendary. Ague still lingers in the Fens, and 

 within the last few years we have not only seen 

 malarial parasites in the blood of children suffering 

 from ague, but have been able to secure Anopheles 

 in whose stomachs cysts occurred, and whose salivary 

 glands teemed with sporozoites. Species of Culex 

 are considerably more common in England than 

 are Anopheles, but in this case the larvae of both 

 Anopheles and Culex were also secured, bred out, and 

 the adults identified. The mosquitoes were A nopheles 

 niaculipennis. < 



The menace of malaria in England is at present 

 slight, but it is different in other countries. Preven- 

 tive and remedial measures are necessary. The early 

 researches of Ross, Stephens, and Christophers, more 

 especially in India and Africa, have laid the founda- 

 tions of all subsequent work on these lines. Briefly, 

 the methods to be adopted are directed firstly to the 

 destruction of the mosquito ; secondly, the use of 

 quinine to prevent recurrences of malaria ; thirdly, 

 segregation of the European dwellings from those of 



