]08 ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS. 



ing no care, free from danger,, and capable of being 

 placed in any position, is required by those who can- 

 not afford batteries, dynamos, etc. But up to the 

 present nothing fulfils these requirements as well as 

 a parafin lamp with a bull's eye condenser and from 

 the short strides electrical illumination has made 

 within the last twenty years, no substitute is likely 

 to make its appearance from that quarter. 



Those resident in cities have a great advantage 

 over their country neighbours, (who require photo- 

 graphy more, on account of their isolated position), 

 in possessing gas, from which we may now expect 

 something, owing to the stimulus given to its im- 

 provement by the introduction of electricity. 



In every practical art the rule has been to proceed 

 from simpler methods to those more difficult. We 

 shall not decart from it, but endeavour to select such 

 examples as will lead gradually to a full understand- 

 ing of the theoretical and practical principles involved, 

 the increasing difficulty of manipulation at the same 

 time producing the requisite amount of skill. 



It is almost impossible to plan a method in which 

 the practical manipulation and theoretical knowledge 

 proceed hand in hand. A perusal of the following 

 chapters is therefore recommended before attempting 

 to photograph by any of the methods described in 

 this. 



A note book is a necessity; every proceeding 

 should be entered, to enable any particular plan pre- 

 viously adopted to be repeated, and from a com- 



