CONTENTS. 



Preface, 



ALFRED EUSSEL WALLACE, 3 



His life and work ; his relations with Darwin and to the doctrine 

 of evolution ; his defense of Darwinism ; his scientific discov- 

 eries ; his religious and philosophical views. 



BY EDWARD D. COPE, PH. D. 



ERNST HAECKEL, 21 



His life and work ; his contributions to biology and embryology ; 

 his discussion with Prof. Virchow on Freedom in Science and 

 Teaching ; his religious and philosophical opinions. 



BY THADDEUS B. WAKEMAN. 



THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD, * 61 



The difference between knowledge and ignorance; how knowl- 

 edge is obtained ; the logical tendencies of idealism ; hypothe- 

 sis with verification the 'true method; the consensus of the 

 competent. 



BY FRANCIS ELLINGWOOD ABBOT, PH. D. 



HERBERT SPENCER'S SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY, . . 85 



Its historical antecedents ; the relation of Spencer to Hume and 

 Kant ; his synthesis of transcendentalism with experientialism ; 

 his doctrine of " transfigured realism " ; his views not material- 

 istic. 



BY BENJAMIN F. UNDERWOOD. 



THE EVOLUTION OF CHEMISTRY, 125 



Its relation to alchemy ; notable contributors to its progress ; 

 how it illustrates the doctrine of evolution ; the atomic theory ; 

 relation of chemistry to common life. 



BY DR. EGBERT G. ECCLES. 



