1S<! The Evolution of Botany. 



one of the richest in Europe. Many of the universities 

 added botanical gardens e. g., those of Leipsic, Breslau, 

 Heidelberg, Giessen, Kiel, Jena. Of gardens founded by 

 individuals, that of Bose, at Leipsic, attained European re- 

 nown. In the struggle for supremacy in botanical gardens 

 England attained and retained the lead in the eighteenth 

 century. That at Chelsea, that of the brothers Sherard at 

 Eltham, and the University Garden at Cambridge, were the 

 foremost, not only in the extent but also in the choice and 

 variety of plants. In the Netherlands, the gardens of Lord 

 Clifford, at Hardecamp, under the management of K. Lin- 

 naeus, gained quite a reputation ; while the gardens at Turin, 

 Pisa, and Florence in Italy, and Madrid in Spain, claimed 

 much attention. Zurich, in Switzerland, began to boast of 

 its garden when it came under the direction of J. J. Romer, 

 and Dorpat, St. Petersburg, Wilna, and Moscow soon fell in 

 line. Copenhagen, Lund, and Upsala instituted gardens, 

 which soon were recognized throughout Europe. France 

 received an additional one from the Empress Josephine, who 

 founded one at Malmaison, which also attained considerable 

 repute. 



In the latter part of the eighteenth century Germany 

 found nearly all of her universities with botanical gardens, 

 and now none are without one. Berlin, Munich, Stuttgart, 

 and Leipsic are especially proud of theirs at present, but 

 the largest and most renowned of to-day is undoubtedly the 

 Kew Garden, in England. 



The Europeans are not the only ones, however, rejoicing 

 in the possession of botanical gardens. The evolution of 

 botany is marked by the establishment of extensive gardens 

 in Asia at Calcutta, Madras, Ceylon, Batayia, Canton ; in 

 Africa at the Cape, Mauritius, on Teneriffe ; in South 

 America in Bio Janeiro ; in Mexico at the city of Mexico ; 

 in Australia at Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide. 



The first botanic garden in America was founded by 

 John Bartram about the year 1730, and was most beauti- 

 fully situated on the right bank of the Schuylkill a short 

 distance below the city of Philadelphia. This garden, with 

 all its interesting history and associations, was destined to 

 flourish only a little more than a century. It scarcely sur- 

 vived the immediate family of its noble-hearted founder, 

 and the past generation lived to see the accumulated treas- 

 ures of a century laid waste. No motive availed, not even a 

 feeling of State or city pride, to insure its preservation. 



