Zoology as Related to Evolution. 209 



(1804-18 ) pointed out the. distinction of analogous and 

 homologous members in comparative anatomy; Schwam 

 (1810-1882) discovered with his microscope the starting- 

 point in the cell of all animal life ; and Herbert Spencer 

 formulated the great principles of biology in his new syn- 

 thetic philosophy. Then evolution, having done its work 

 with observation and speculation separated, took its next 

 great step in order that of integrating them in a man 

 who, with a minuteness and accuracy of observation which 

 place him at the head of all fact-gatherers, united a skill 

 of interpretation and a boldness of generalization which 

 place him at the forefront of all truth-finders Charles 

 Darwin, the fourth great name in zoology ; and the result 

 was The Origin of Species and the transmuting of what 

 with others had been a brilliant guess into a statement of 

 the very laws and principles by which as a fact it had been 

 brought about. It was itself another phase of its own doc 

 trine raised zoology to be a new species of science as dis- 

 tinct from those which had gone before it as ever man was 

 from monkey. In its first form it was natural knowledge, 

 in its second natural history, in its third natural science ; 

 in its first fact, in its second order, in its third truth; 

 in its first an unorganized amoeba, in its second a verte- 

 brated animal, and in its third an intelligent man. It ex- 

 ists in all three of those forms to-day, just as other derived 

 species do; has its museum and picture-book species, its 

 cabinet and school-book species, and its ethical-society and 

 philosophical-lecture species; and people are interested 

 sometimes in one, sometimes in another, and now and then 

 in all three. 



"With the proclamation of its new truth there came in 

 natural order its struggle for existence, the world's modern 

 thirty years' war. Against it have been brought to bear 

 all the thunderbolts of theology, all the flippancies and 

 squibs of the newspaper, all the stupidities and timidities 

 of society at large, and all the arguments the conservative 

 side of science could find in its arsenal. Agassiz's great 

 work on Classification, the crowning effort of zoology's old 

 dispensation, was published by a striking coincidence the 

 same year that gave to the animal world its new Evangel ; 

 and even he had to say " Darwinism is a burlesque of facts," 

 and " science would renounce the claim which it has hither- 

 to possessed to the confidence of earnest minds if such 

 sketches were to be accepted as indications of true prog- 



