The Evolution of Architecture. 339 



its name. Therefore as a re-birth it was far less truly Ro- 

 man than the Romanesque. Superficial in its very nature, it 

 began very superficially. You are assisting at its birth in 

 England when you are standing by the tomb of Henry VII 

 in his famous Chapel at Westminster, a sample of the Tudor 

 Gothic gone to seed. No wonder that men wished a 

 change. Inigo Jones plastered a classic portico on the 

 front of old Saint Paul's which the Great Fire of 1666 

 mercifully destroyed, though.it threw out the baby with the 

 bath destroyed 4h^ building altogether. In France the 

 marrying of Gothic structure with classic ornament pro- 

 duced some beautiful results, especially in domestic archi- 

 tecture the sixteenth century chateaus. Of the completed 

 Renaissance development, St. Peter's is the most stupen- 

 dous, St. Paul's the most symmetrical example. In our own 

 time England has had a Gothic revival, of which the best 

 result has been the restoration of her cathedrals. It is, or 

 was, one aspect of the mediaeval revival of which the Ox- 

 ford movement was a part. William George Ward was one 

 of Newman's followers who came in ahead of him in the 

 race to Rome. " To think of such a man as Ward living in 

 a room without mullions ! " said Pugin, the Gothic archi- 

 tect. But when Newman went to Rome he abjured Goth- 

 ic for the Renaissance, "the architecture of pomp and 

 pride." The Houses of Parliament are certainly an im- 

 posing example of the perpendicular style, though their 

 horizontal lines are most conspicuous and aggressive. Will- 

 iam Morris does not like them and contemplates with com- 

 placency a future when they will be economized for the stor- 

 age of manure. But his dislike of the laws made in them, 

 and in fact of all laws, may have much to do with this. 



Of our American reversions and revivals I should like to 

 speak, but my hour is out and there is one coming after me 

 who will be preferred before me. I console myself with 

 thinking I know as much about his architecture as he does 

 about my theology. 



I trust I have made good the title of my address. I 

 trust that I have shown that architecture has had an evolu- 

 tion and not merely a history ; that with much of imitation 

 there is much more of genetic relation ; that every present 

 brings something from its past and leaves something for its 

 future ; that the evolutionary principles of fixity of type and 

 variation, struggle for existence, preservation of the fittest, 

 reversion, correlation of growth, influence of the environ- 



