148 



LABORATORY MANUAL FOR ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY 



Organ, definition of 8 



Origin of a muscle 56 



Ossicles 114 



Ostia of heart: grasshopper 122; 



lobster 113 

 Ostium of oviduct 41 

 Ova: definition of 20; of fly 21; 



of frog 10, 32; of sea-urchin 26; 



of starfish 65; structure of 26 

 Ovaries: earthworm 101; frog 9, 10, 



41; function of 20; grasshopper 



122; Hydra 86; lobster 114 

 Oviducts: earthworm 101; frog n, 



41; grasshopper 122; lobster 114; 



male frog n, 40; ostium of 41 

 Ovipositor 120, 122 

 Oxidation, definition of 19, 23 



Palps: grasshopper 118; Nereis 95 



Pancreas 9, 39, 40 



Pancreatic ducts 40 



Paramecium 73-78; avoiding reaction 

 77; behavior 74, 76, 77; conjuga- 

 tion 78; digestive apparatus 75, 76; 

 experiments on 76, 77; fission 

 77-78; food ingestion 76, 77; 

 reaction to chemicals 77; repro- 

 duction 77-78; structure 74-76 



Parapodium 95, 96, 105 



Parenchyma 92 



Pectoral girdle: bones of 6, 54; defini- 

 tion of 6; muscles of 58 



Pelvic girdle: bones of 6, 54, 55; 

 definition of 6; muscles of 58, 

 59.6o 



Penis 120, 122 



Pepsin 17 



Pereiopods 108, 109 



Pericardial cavity 7; sac 7 



Pericardium 7 



Perisarc 87 



Peristalsis, definition of 15 



Peristomium 95, 96 



Peritoneum: definition of 7; earth- 

 worm 98; frog 6, 7, 8, 11; origin of, 

 in embryo 67; parietal 7, 98; 

 visceral 7, 98 



Pharyngeal chamber 91, 92 



Pharynx: earthworm 99; frog 39; 

 Nereis 95; Plan-aria 91, 92 



Phyla, key to 129, 131 



Phylum, definition of 72, 128 



Physiology: definition of 72; of 

 circulatory system 20; of digestive 

 system 16-18; of frog 14-23; 

 of excretory system 19; of muscular 

 system 15-16; of nervous system 

 14, 15, 49-50; of reproductive 

 system 20-23; of respiratory sys- 

 tem 18, 19; of skin 19; summary 23 



Pia mater 38, 46 



Pigment cells: liver 33; skin 16, 36, 

 20; granules: liver 33; Planariago 



Pill bugs 125 



Pineal body 3, 47 



Pithing, method of i 



Planaria: behavior 90; cross-section 

 92; digestive system 91; food 

 ingestion 92, 93; histology 92; 

 regeneration 93; sense organs 90, 

 91; structure 90-92 



Plasma, definition of 20, 30 



Plasmosome 26 



Platyhelminthes: in key 130, 132; 

 in text 80, 90-94 



Podical plates 1 20 



Polychaetes in key 132; in text 105 



Polymorphism 87-88 



Polyp 87 



Pond snail 135-138. See under Snail 



Porifera in key 129 



Portal system: definition of 43; 

 hepatic portal 43; renal portal 43 



Prehallux 3 



Proboscis, Planaria 91 



Pronotum 118, 119 



Prophase 63 



Prostomium 95, 96 



Protease: action of 17; definition of 

 17; experiment with 17 



Proteins: definition of 16; digestion 



of 17 



Prothorax 118, 119 

 Protoplasm, definition of 24 

 Protopod, definition of 117 

 Protozoa: ciliate 79; flagellate 80; 



definition of 72; in key 129, 131; 



in text 71-80 

 Pseudopodia 72 

 Pseudothyroid 12 

 Ptyalin 18 

 Pulmonary artery 44; sac, snail 137; 



vein 43 

 Pulse 20 

 Pupae, flies 22 

 Pupil 12 

 Pyloric chamber 114; division, 



stomach 39 

 Pylorus 39 



Radula 136, 137 



Ramus communicans 12, 49 



Reaction, definition of 14 



Reaction time: definition of 14; 

 of involuntary muscle 15; of nerve 

 14, 15; of voluntary muscle 15 



Reactions of animals. See Behavior 



Recessive character 69 



Rectum: frog 40; grasshopper 123; 

 lobster 114 



Reflex: definition of 14, 50; in frog 

 14, 15, 50; wiping 14, 15 



Regeneration, Planaria 93 



Renal portal system 43 



Reproduction, method of: earth- 

 worm 96; flies 20-23; grasshopper 

 120, 122, 123; Hydra 86; Parame- 

 cium 77, 78; snail 138 



Reproductive cells 32; systems: 

 earthworm 100-101, frog, general 

 10, frog, special 40, 41 , function of 

 20-23, grasshopper 120, 122-23, 

 Hydra 86, lobster 113, 114 



Respiration: definition of 18; external 

 1 8; frog 19; function of 18, 19, 23; 

 insect larvae 21; internal 19; mus- 

 cles of 58, 59; grasshopper 121; 

 snail 137; through skin of frog 19 



Respiratory function of the skin 19; 

 movements of frog 18, 19; sac 137; 

 system: fly larvae 21; fly pupae 2 2, 

 frog, general 9, frog, special 41, 

 function of 18,19, grasshopper 121, 

 insects 22, 121, lobster no, in 



Response, definition of 14 



Resting cell 62 



Retroperitoneal, definition of n 



Rhabdites 90, 92 



Ribs 6 



Root cap plants 64 



Root tips, mitosis in 64 



Roots of spinal nerves 47, 49 



Rostrum 106 



Rotifers: in key 130; in text 80 



Roundworms: in key 130; in text 80 



Rugae, stomach 35, 39 



Sacral vertebra 52 



Sagittal axis 2; plane 2, 61 



Saliva, action of 18 



Sarcolemma 28 



Sarcostyles 29 



Sciatic nerve 15; plexus 48 



Sclerite 117 



Scorpions 125 



Sea fans 89; feathers 89 



Segmentation: cavity 65; earthworm, 

 coelome 97, 98; earthworm, body 

 96; of the egg 65-66; embryo 68; 

 fly 21-22; frog, adult 61; frog, 

 tadpole 68; general discussion of 

 61, 68, 71; grasshopper 117; 

 insects 21, 22, 117; Nereis 95, 96; 

 lobster 106, 116; tadpole 68 



Segments: definition of 21, 61, 68; 

 embryo 68; earthworm 96; fly 

 21-22; frog 61; grasshopper 

 117-20, 124; insects 22-22; lobster 

 106, 107-110, 112, 116; Nereis 

 95, 96; tadpole 68 



Seminal funnel 101; receptacles 98, 

 100, 101; vesfcles 98, too, 101 



Sense centers, brain 49, 50 



Sense organs: earthworm 96; frog 

 12; grasshopper 117, 118, 124; 

 lobster in, 107, 108; Nereis 95; 

 Planaria go, 91 



Septa 98 



Serosa: definition of 7; of intestine 

 34, 35 



Setae: earthworm 97, 102, 103; 

 Nereis 96 



Shank 3; bones of 55; muscles of 

 60, 61 



Shell, snail 136, 138 



Shrimps 125 



Sinus, blood: grasshopper 120, 121, 

 122; lobster 112, 113; pericardia! 

 112; sternal 113, 115 



Sinus venosus 9, 45 



Siphonophora: in key 132; in text 88 



Skeleton: breastbone 54; definition 

 of 5, 51; endophragmal 115; endo- 

 skeleton, definition of 51; exoskele- 

 ton, definition of 51; frog, general 

 5, 6; frog, special 51-55: grass- 

 hopper 117, 123; hyoid apparatus 

 53, 54; jaws, frog 52, 53; limbs, 

 frog 551 lobster 1 06, 115; origin of 

 51, 67; pectoral girdle, frog 54; 

 pelvic girdle 54, 55; skull 51, 52-53; 

 sternum 54; vertebra, parts of 

 51, 52; vertebral column 51, 52; 

 visceral skeleton 52-54 



Skin: external features of 3; histology 

 of 36-37; glands of 36-37; in 

 respiration 19; in skeleton 51 



Skull: bones of 51-53; definition of 6; 

 formation of 52 



Small intestine 9, 39; histology of 

 26, 33-35 



Snail: 135-38; behavior 135-36, 

 food ingestion 136-7; radula 

 136-37; reaction to drying 137; 

 reaction to lack of oxygen 137; 

 reaction to light 137-38; reproduc- 

 tion 138; respiration 137; shell 

 136-38; structure 135-36 



Somite 95 



Sow bugs 125 



Species, definition of 127 



Specific name, definition of 127 



Spermatozoa: definition of 20; earth- 

 worm 101; frog 32; structure of 32 



Spiders 125 



Spinal cord, frog: cells of 31, 38; 

 function of 14, 15, 49; gross struc- 

 ture 12, 47, 48, 49; histology of 38 



Spinal nerves: frog 12, 47, 48, 49; 

 roots of 49 



Spindle 63 



Spiracles: fly 21-22; grasshopper 

 119, 120, 121 



Spireme 63 



Spleen 10, n 



Starch test 18 



Starfish, development of 65-66 



Statocyst in 



Stenlor 79 



Sternum: frog 6, 54; lobster 107; 

 grasshopper 117, 119, 120 



Stigma 119, 120, 121 



Stinging cells 82, 84 



Stomach: frog 9, 39; glands of 35; 

 grasshopper 123; histology of 35, 

 36; lobster in, 114 



Styles 1 20 



Sub-esophageal ganglion: earthworm 

 102; grasshopper 123; lobster 115 



Sugar test 18 



Sulcus marginalis 4 



Supra-esophageal ganglion: earth- 

 worm 102; grasshopper 124; lobster 

 "5 



Suture 117 



Swimmerets 108 



Syncytium, definition of 29 



Systemic arch 44, 45 



Systems: comparison of 126; of 

 frog 8 



