ADULTERATIONS. 



The following list of adulterations of 

 articles of general consumption will serve as 

 a guide to the inquirer, and as an index to 

 the special articles in this work in which 

 further details will be found. 



ARROW-ROOT (PI. 46. fig. 26). Cheaper 



kinds of starch. 

 BREAD. Mashed potatoes, bean-flour, 



rice, alum. 



CAYENNE PEPPER. Ground rice, mus- 

 tard-husks, deal sawdust, formerly 

 mineral colouring-matter of lead, &c. 

 CHICORY. Roasted flours of corn and 

 beans, acorns, mangold- wurzel, parsnips, 

 carrots, mahogany-sawdust, burnt 

 sugar, red ochre, &c. 

 CINNAMON. Flour of grain and potato, 



cheap starches, &c. 



COCOA and CHOCOLATE (fig. 4). Arrow- 

 root and other starches, flours, sugar, 

 chicory, red ochre, &c. 

 COFFEE (fig. 5). Chicory and its adul- 

 terations, as above, locust-beans, date- 

 stones, and figs. 

 CURRY POWDER. Flour, ground rice, 



red lead, red ochre. 

 FLOUR (PL 46). Meal of other grains, 



beans, potato-starch, rice. 

 GINGER. Flours of various kinds, mus- 

 tard-husks, cayenne pepper, turmeric. 

 ISINGLASS. Gelatine from bones. 

 LARD. Potato-flour. 

 MUSTARD (fig. 11). Flour, turmeric. 

 OAT-MEAL. Barley-meal. 

 PEPPER and other spices (fig. 12). 

 Flours of grain, peas, potatoes, &c., 

 ground mustard, linseed, rice-husks, &c. 

 PICKLES. Dilute sulphuric acid (vitriol) 



instead of vinegar. 

 SUGAR. Potato-flour, starches. 

 TEA (fig. 1). Various leaves (sloe, elder), 

 catechu, mineral colouring-matters, 

 iron-filings, rice-husks. 

 TOBACCO (fig. 16). Various leaves (dock, 



rhubarb, coltsfoot), paper, &c. 

 B i BI>. Ure, Diet, of Arts and Manufactures ; 

 Mitchell, Adult, of Food; Normandy, Hand-b. 

 Commercial Analysis; Schacht, Priif. d. 

 im Handel vork. Geivebe, 1853 ; Wiesner, 

 Mikroskop, fyc.; Angus Smith, Hep. of Man- 

 chester Sanit. Assoc. 1863 ; Hassall, Food, 

 $c. ; Parliam. Rep. on the Adult, of Food, 

 $c., 1855 ; and Adult, detected, 1857 ; Od- 

 ling, Journ. Soc. Arts, 1 858, vi. 31 8 ; Gar- 

 nierand Harell, Falsificat.d. Subst. Aliment.; 

 Pereira, Mat. Med. ; Sorby on Spectroscope, 

 in Qu. Mic. Jn. 1809, p. 358 ; Klencke, 

 Verfalsch. #c. (illustr.), 1879; Soubeiran, 



Diet. d. falsif. #c., 1874,- Blyth, Anal, of 

 Food. Sfc. 



^ECID'IUM, Persoon. A genus of Ure- 

 dinei (Coniomycetous Fungi), consisting of 

 parasitic fungi infesting leaves and herba- 

 ceous stems, appearing in their full-grown 

 condition as little cups filled with a reddish 

 or brownish powder (spores), formed by a 

 raising-up and bursting of the epidermis by 

 the parasite developed within. Many may 

 be detected in earlier stages by the deformi- 

 ties they produce in the growing structure 

 of the plants infested, or by pale or reddish 

 spots on the green surface, arising from the 

 presence of the imperfect fungus under- 

 neath. These plants are commonly known 

 under the name of blight, brand, &c. Their 

 history has recently received much eluci- 

 dation at the hands of Tulasne, De Bary, 

 and others ; and they are found to exhibit a 

 more complicated organization than, was 

 formerly imagined. The organs of fructi- 

 fication are produced in two forms, bearing 

 great resemblance to the conditions lately 

 ascertained to exist generally in the Li- 

 chens. A brief account of the natural 

 history of certain of the species, derived 

 from De Bary and Tulasne, will give a 

 general idea of the character of this genus. 



The nascent sEcidia are observed as mi- 

 nute spots upon the herbaceous parts of the 

 plants which they infest. When sections are 

 made of these and placed under the micro- 

 scope, it is found that the parenchyma of 

 the plant is deformed, irregular, and inter- 

 rupted by large intercellular passages, among 

 which ramify the filaments of the mycelium 

 of the fungus; these are delicate, much- 

 branched and septate, about 1-3600 of an 

 inch in diameter. At certain points these 

 filaments are crowded and interwoven into 

 hollow globular conceptacles, about 1-180 

 of an inch in diameter, immediately beneath 

 the epidermis, the interior of which concep- 

 tacle is lined with delicate filaments (about 

 1-12000 of an inch in diameter) arising at 

 all parts and converging towards the centre, 

 except at the upper part, (which is open, 

 and only shut from the external air by the 

 persistent epidermis of the nurse-plant,) 

 where they are directed upwards. A gra- 

 nular mass occupies the centre of the con- 

 ceptacle, separating the converging fila- 

 ments from each other. By the growth of 

 the upper filaments and the increase of the 

 central granular mass, the whole structure 

 increases in size, so as to push the epider- 

 mis up above the surrounding surface, finally 



