ANTENNARIEI. 



ANTHER. 



Fig. 22 a. 



Antennaria laevigata. Highly magnified. 



BIBL. Corda, Icones, i. pi. 6. fig. 289; 

 Berkeley, Crypt. Bot. p. 275 ; Cooke, Hand- 

 book, p! 628. 



ANTENNARIE'I. A supposed family 

 of Phycomycetous Fungi, consisting of dif- 

 fuse plants, forming nocculent or byssoid 

 patches upon leaves or bark, which appear 

 to be merely states of other genera ; the 

 epiphytic Antennaria are referred to Capno- 

 dium, which, like Zasmidium (Antenn. cel- 

 laris), is a Perisporiacea. Two other genera, 

 Pleuropyris and Pisomyxa, were described 

 by Corda, but little is known respecting 

 them. 



BIBL. Fries, Summa Veg. Scan. p. 406 ; 

 Berkeley, Crypt. Sot. p. 296. 



ANTENN'ULA'RIA, Lamk. A genus 

 of Hydroid Zoophytes, family Plumula- 

 riidae. 



Distinguished by the whorled, hair-like 

 branchlets, and uniserial cells. Two British 

 species : 



A. antennina. Main stalks simple, clus- 

 tered, branchlets short. On sandy soils and 

 stones lying in sand ; deep water. 



A. ramosa. Main stalks branched. On 

 old shells and stones from deep water. 



BIBL. Johnston, Brit. Zooph. 85 j Gosse, 

 Mar. Zool. i. 24 ; Hincks, Brit. Zooph. 

 p. 279. 



ANTHER. The essential part of the 

 male or fertilizing organ of Flowering 

 Plans, supported on a longer or shorter stalk 

 or filament, and constituting with it the 

 stamen. The microscopic examination of 

 anthers turns in two distinct, both very in- 

 teresting directions, namely, study of the 

 development and characters of the pollen 

 produced in the anthers, and examination 

 of the cellular structure of the walls of 

 the perfect anther. For the former, see 

 POLLEN. 



The cells of the anthers of almost all 

 plants exhibit deposits of a more or less 

 fibrous character, varying- much in the pat- 

 terns according to which the fibres are 



placed, and the extent to which they are 

 developed ; and these are elegant micro- 

 scopic objects. 



The anther is clothed with a very delicate 

 epidermis, sometimes provided with sto- 

 mata ; this epidermis usually remains un- 

 altered, but in some cases (Lupinm) the 

 walls acquire fibrous thickening. Beneath 

 this epidermis ordinarily lie one or more 

 layers of cells which form the spiral-fibruus 

 tissue. This may extend all round the 

 anther, or be wanting at certain points, 

 especially over the connective, before and 

 behind ; sometimes all the cellular tissue of 

 the connective itself assumes the same cha- 

 racter (with the exception of its vascular 

 bundle). 



Purkinje has furnished a most extensive 

 notice of the conditions of these fibrous cells 

 in the different families of Flowering Plants. 

 The following plants are selected as afford- 

 ing considerable diversity of forms : 



a. Spiral fibres. Narcissus poeticus, Po- 

 pulus alba, Lonicera tartarica, Hyoscyamus 

 orientalis, Datura Stramonium. Cheiranthus 

 Cheiri (PI. 40. fig. 1). 



b. Annular fibres. Iris florentina, Hya- 

 cinthus orientalis, Bunias orientalis, Chei- 

 ranthus Cheiri, Convallaria. 



c. Reticulated fibres. Fritillaria imperi- 

 alis (on the internal face), Tu'lipa Gesneriana 

 and Viola odorata (ditto), Saxifraga um- 

 brosa (PI. 40. fig. 2). 



d. Fibres arched (found on three sides of 

 the walls, the fourth being free). Nuphar 

 lutea, Bryonia dioica, Cynoglossum, Pulmo- 

 naria, Primula sinensis, Passiflora ccerulea, 

 Ligustrum vulyare, Cucurbita, Pyrus, Lupi- 

 nus (PI. 40. fig. 3). 



e. Fibres short and straight, pieces upon 

 the walls standing vertically to the epider- 

 mis. Arum, Calla cethiopica, Calceolaria, 

 Delphinium, Anemone. 



f. Like d, but converging towards the 

 centre of the upper wall of the cell, some- 

 times forming a star. Corydalis lutea, Im- 

 patiens, Fumaria, Cactus (PI. 40. fig. 4), 

 Polygonum, Tropceolum mqjus, Veronica per- 

 foliata, Polygala Chamceluxus, JRubia tinc- 

 torum, Armeria. 



g. Fibres vertical, very short, numerous 

 and close, like teeth on the walls. Grasses, 

 Casuarina, Myosotis, Phlomis fruticosa, 

 Robinia, Adonis vernalis, Glaucium luteum, 

 Chelidonium majus, Magnolia, Liriodendron, 

 Dahlia, Leontoaon, Solidago, Bettis perennis 

 (PI. 40. fig. 5), Geranium, Pelargonium, 

 Pinus, Citpressus, Junipems. 



