BRAND. 



[ 120 ] 



BRONCI10CERCA. 



shaped and digitiform appendages ; in the 

 female stout, short, some what acute, slightly 

 curved, and not furnished with appendages 

 at the base. 



B. stagnate (PL 20. fig. 3). An inch in 

 length ; 'tinged with red. 



This beautiful animal is found in stagnant 

 water, as the ditches and deep cart-ruts on 

 the edges of woods and plantations. 



B. rubricaudatus, Kl. Ovarian sac and 

 tail-fork red ; the former long, cylindrical, 

 terminating in a curved prickle. 



In rain-water, at Kossier (Red Sea). 



BIBL. Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 39 ; Klun- 

 zinger, Sleb. fy Roll. Zeitsch. xvii. p. 23. 



BRAND. A disease of Cereal Grasses 

 and other plants, depending on Fungi. See 

 BLIGHT. 



BREAD. The interest of the micro- 

 scopic examination of bread depends chiefly 

 on the impurities it may contain, or the 

 peculiar Fungi-development in it during 

 decay. The commonest intentional adul- 

 teration of bread is the addition of mashed 

 potatoes to the flour ; but it must be re- 

 membered, that potato-yeast is sometimes 

 used to produce the fermentation of the 

 dough. The cells of the potato are readily re- 

 cognizable in bread after the starch has been 

 dissolved and washed away. The adul- 

 teration of the flour with other meals, as 

 corn-flour, rice, beans, &c., is easily ascer- 

 tained before it is made up ; but the baking 

 greatly affects the form of the starch-gra- 

 nules. See STARCH. 



The spores of the parasitic Fungi of wheat 

 (UREDINEI, USTILAGINEI), pollen -grains, 

 and other vegetable bodies are occasionally 

 met with as accidental impurities, and are 

 present in large numbers in inferior and 

 " damped " flours. 



The fermentation of bread depends upon 

 the development of the YEAST fungi in the 

 dough : an account of this will be found 

 under that head, and FERMENTATION. 



Mouldy bread presents various microscopic 

 fungi in a mature condition, some evidently 

 the fruit of the yeast-plants, PENICILLIUM, 

 Mucon, &c. ; others, like the so-called 

 ' blood on bread/ appear to be peculiar 

 states of the vegetative structure of the 

 same Fungi. 



BIBL. That of ADULTERATION ; and 

 Coulier, Manuel fyc. ; Robin, Micr. p. 922. 



BRET'TIA, Dyster. A genus of Chei- 

 lostomatous Polyzoa (Bryozoa), family Eu- 

 cratiidse. Two species : found between tide- 

 marks, and in di edgings. 



p. 27; Dyster, 



BARTRA- 



Fig. 80. 



Briarea penicillata. 



Magnified 200 dia- 

 meters. 



BIBL. Hincks, Polyzoa, 

 Qu. Mic. Jn. 1858, vi. p. 260. 

 BREUTE'LIA, Br. and Sch., 



MIA. 



BIBL. Wilson, Bryol. Brit. p. 283. 



BRIA'REA, Corda. A genus of Muce- 

 dines (Hyphomycetous 

 Fungi), nearly related to 

 Pemcilliunij Aspergilius, 

 and Monilia, distinguished 

 from the first and last by the 

 moniliform rows of spores 

 arising, directly, in a ter- 

 minal tuft, while the erect 

 fertile filament is not ex- 

 panded into a capitulum 

 to bear them, as is the case 

 in Aspergittus. British spe- 

 cies : 



Briarea penicillata (fig. 

 80), (Monilia,ne&,As})er- 

 </ illus, Greville). The erect 

 filaments are simple and 

 geuiculate, the spores hya- 

 line, forming long nodding 

 moniliform rows. It is of dark grey colour, 

 and is found on damp grass, mouldy hay, 

 straw, &c. 



BIBL. Corda, Ic. Fung. v. 16, and in 

 Sturm, Deutschl. Flor. ii. pi. 6 ; Greville, 

 Sc. Crypt. Fl. t. 32 ; Berk., Hook. Br. Fl. 

 345. 



BRIGHT WELLIA, Ralfs. A genus of 

 Diatomaceae. 



Char. Valves disk-shaped, with a large 

 granulated centre, separated from a broad 

 punctate limb by a ring of oblong cells. 



B. coronata, Mic. Tr. viii. p. 95, pi. 5. 

 f. 6; B. elaborata, ibid. 1861, i. p. 73; 

 B. Johnsoni, ibid. 1866, vi. p. 4. 



BIBL. Ralfs, Pritchards In/us, p. 940. 



BRINE- WORM. See ARTEMIA. 



BRISTLE. See HAIRS. 



BROMELIA'CE^E. A family of Mono- 

 cotyledons (Flowering Plants), of which the 

 Pine-apple, Ananas or Ananassa, is the 

 most familiar example. This is interesting 

 microscopically from the scurfy character of 

 the epidermis of the leaves, dependent on 

 peculiar cellular scales. The cells of the 

 epidermis are of very elegant form (PI. 47. 

 fig. 15) ; and the fibres of the leaf are manu- 

 factured into very fine muslin. See SCALES, 

 EPIDERMIS, and FIBRES. 



BRONCHI. See LUNGS. 



BRONCHOCER'CA. Monocerca with 

 the caudiform foot cleft at the end. Five 

 species have been described ; but it appears 



