CAPNODIUM. 



[ 133 ] 



CARBASEA. 



have thicker walls and more numerous cells 

 than the smaller ones. 



The capillaries branch and anastomose 

 freely, giving rise to the beautiful networks 

 so well known as favourite microscopic 

 objects when injected. 



The most important pathological changes 

 which the capillaries undergo are those of 

 the FATTY and AMYLOID DEGENERATION. 

 The general arrangement of the capillaries 

 is best seen in injected preparations (INJEC- 

 TION;. Their structure 'may be examined in 

 pieces of the pia mater, of the retina, or the 

 mesentery of an animal : a minute portion 

 of washed lung will also answer the purpose 

 well. These should be dissected with the 

 mounted needles. The relation of the ca- 

 pillaries to the surrounding minute struc- 

 tures may be shown in portions of tissue 

 which have been imperfectly injected, or 

 injected with a liquid containing a small 

 quantity only of opaque colouring-matter ; 

 in these the capillaries may be recognized 

 by their containing the scattered granules 

 of the colouring-matter. Between the cells 

 are certain spaces (stomata), best seen in 

 silvered preparations. In the spleen-pulp, 

 and in the tissues of many of the lower 

 animals, the finest currents of blood pass 

 through lacunae or wall-less channels. 



The capillaries are developed from 

 branched connective corpuscles. Non-> 

 medullated nerves have been traced into 

 the walls of the capillaries. 



Acetic acid is frequently of use in rendering 

 the tissues transparent, and bringing the 

 nuclei to light. The finer capillaries are 

 made more distinct by dyeing with carmine 

 or logwood. 



BIBL. Kolliker, Mikr. An.~B&. ii. ; Henle, 

 Ally. Anat. ; Frey, Histologie (full Biblio- 

 graphy) ; Schmidt, Mn. Mic. Jn. xiii. 

 1 (figs.) ; Eberth, StricJcer's Handbuch ; 

 Chrzonszczewsky, Virchoiv's Archiv, xxxv. 

 169 ; Cornil & Ranvier, Hist. path. ; Rind- 

 fleisch, Hist. ; and the BIBL. of TISSUES. 



CAPNODIUM, Montagne. A genus of 

 Perisporiacei (Ascomycetous Fungi) grow- 

 ing as a kind of mildew on leaves and shoots, 

 forming a blackish flocculent coat composed 

 of short, branched, beaded or moniliform 

 filaments, densely interwoven. The peri- 

 thecia arise vertically from this, and are 

 either simple or branched, at first simple 

 sacs, but probably afterwards thickened by a 

 layer of cells ; a number of threads ultimately 

 grow up from the mycelium, partiallycover 

 the central sac ; and, closely crowded, some 



of their tips project beyond it, forming a 

 fringe; the cells of this fringe readily become 

 detached and appear to reproduce as conidia. 

 The central sac contains largish delicate asci, 

 probably often absorbed at an early period, 

 so as to set the spores free in the cavity. 



Particular joints of the filaments some- 

 times become pycmdia, producing free spores 

 in their interior, without asci. 



Several species seem to occur in Britain ; 

 and amongst them C. elongatum, Berk. & 

 Desm. On pear-leaves. 



C. (Fumago) quercinum, Pers., grows on 

 oak-leaves. 



C. (Fumago) Footii, Berk. & Desm., on 

 evergreens, on the birch-tree, and on Mer- 

 curialis perennis. 



BIBL. Berkeley, Crypt. Bot. p. 275 ; Berk. 

 & Broome, Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. xiii. p. 468 ; 

 Berk. & Desmazieres, J. Hort. Soc. iv. 243 ; 

 Montagne, Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. iii. p. 520. 



CAPSOSI'RA, K. A genus of Rivu- 

 larieae. 



Char. Filaments erect, narrow, crowded, 

 parallel, moniliform, sheathed j cells thick- 

 walled. 



C. JBrebissonii (PI. 53. fig. 11.). Greenish 

 black. On stones, in streams (France). 



BIBL. Kiitzing, Sp. Alg. 344; Raben- 

 horst, Fl. Alg. ii. 223. 



CARAPACE, or Lome A. A term some- 

 what indefinitely applied to the whole or a 

 part of the shell or outer coat of certain 

 animals as those belonging to the classes 

 Crustacea, Rotatoria, Infusoria, &c. 



In regard to the Rotatoria and Infusoria, it 

 has been divided into : the testa or testula, 

 an envelope resembling that of the tortoise, 

 within which the body of the animal is en- 

 closed, the head and the tail being free as 

 in the genera Brackionus, Monura, Colurus, 

 &c. ; the scutellum, a round or oval envelope, 

 covering only the back of the animal, in the 

 manner of a buckler; and the urceolus, a 

 membranous or firm envelope, sometimes 

 gelatinous, in the form of a bell or cylinder, 

 open at one end and closed at the other, and 

 within which the animal can- completely 

 retract itself as in DIFFLUGIA &c. 



Ehrenberg extended the use of this term 

 also to the external envelope of Volvox, 

 Gonium, and the Diatomacese. As these 

 have been removed to the vegetable kingdom, 

 it is not now applied to them. 



CARBA'SEA, Gray. A genus of Infun- 

 dibulate Polyzoa, of the suborder Cheilo- 

 stomata, and* family Flustridae (Flustra, pt., 

 Hincks). 



