CASEINE. 



[ 136 ] 



CATHARINEA. 



The third variety of cartilage forms fibro- 

 or reticular cartilage (PL 49. fig. 40). In 

 this, the fibres consist either of white 

 fibrous tissue, forming white fibro-cartilage, 

 as in the intervertebral and interarticular 

 cartilages ; or of elastic tissue, forming 

 yellow or elastic fibro-cartilage, as in the 

 epiglottis, the ear, and the Eustachian tube. 

 It consists principally of fibres, single or in 

 bundles, sometimes running parallel, at 

 others interlacing; and between them lie 

 the cartilage corpuscles. Sometimes the 

 basis of hyaline cartilage becomes fibrous, 

 and true fibres may be found in it. 



Bubnoff describes, in cartilage treated 

 with osmic acid, a complex network of 

 canals, passing in all directions through the 

 cartilage. 



In regard to chemical composition, the 

 homogeneous basis usually consists of ehon- 

 drine. The cell- walls are composed of a 

 substance allied to elastic tissue ; they are 

 not dissolved by boiling in water, and are 

 acted upon with difficulty by acids and 

 alkalies. The liquid within the cells is 

 probably albuminous; it is coagulated by 

 water and dilute organic acids, and is readily 

 soluble in alkalies. 



When sections of cartilage are subjected 

 to the action of Schultze's test, the cells 

 are coloured red, but not the basis. 



By macerating hyaline cartilage in dilute 

 acids or warm water, the matrix often 

 exhibits concentric laminae. 



Some staining agents are useful in 

 enabling the components of hyaline cartilage 

 to be distinguished. Thus, the fat-globules 

 are blackened by osmic acid ; chloride of 

 gold colours the cells violet ; and nitrate 

 of silver stains the matrix (Rutherford). 



BIBL. Kolliker, Mik. An. Bd. i. ; Henle, 

 Allg. Anat. ; Redfern, Ed. Month. Journ. 

 1851-1854 ; Mulder (and Bonders), Phys. 

 Chemie] Frey, Histol. 184; Bubnoff, Ber. 

 d. Wien. Ak. Ivii. ; Klein, Hist., 48 ; Ge- 

 genbaur, Vergl. An. 27; Rollett, Strieker's 

 Gewebel. ; and the BIBL. of TISSUES. 



CASEINE is the proteine constituent of 

 milk. It possesses no microscopic charac- 

 ters. 



Some years since, a tumbler containing 

 porter, at the bottom of which was a small 

 quantity of a whitish sediment, was brought 

 to us for examination, suspicion being enter- 

 tained that the white deposit consisted of 

 some poisonous substance which had been 

 added by a woman with the view of poisoning 

 her husband, the two not being on good 



terms. The deposit examined microscopi- 

 cally and microchemically was found to 

 consist of an amorphous substance, giving 

 the chemical reactions of a proteine com- 

 pound, with entangled globules of oil. This 

 rendered it probable that it consisted of the 

 caseine of milk, with globules of butter. 

 It was afterwards recollected that milk had 

 been put into a tumbler kept in the place 

 from which this had been taken ; and thus 

 the matter ended. 



CASSAVA. The coarser part of the 

 starch (tapioca being the finer) derived from 

 the tuberous root of the Jatropha Manihot, 

 L. (Janipha Manihot, Knth. ; Manihot uti- 

 lissima, Pohl), a Brazilian plant of the 

 family Euphorbiaceae. The starch-grains 

 are represented in PI. 46. fig. 14. 



CASSEBEE'RA, Kaulf. A genus of 

 Pteridea3 (Polypodiaceous Ferns), nearly re- 

 lated to Adtantum. 3 species : Brazil. 



BIBL. Hooker, Syn. Fit. 142. 



CASSIDULI'NA, D'Orb. A group of 

 Foramimfera subordinate to Bulimina. The 

 chambers are alternate in unequal pairs, and 

 form a more or less discoidal, instead of 

 spiral, coil. The aperture is oblique, formed 

 by an inverted slit-like fold of the lower 

 part of the septal face, as in Bidimina. 



Two British recent species, C. Icevigata 

 (PI. 23. fig. 45) and crassa, are common; and 

 a few others, with these, are found in all 

 seas, and in the middle and later Tertiaries. 



BIBL. Williamson, Foram. 68, figs. 

 140-144 ; Carpenter, Foram. 197 ; Parker 

 and Jones, Phil. Tr. civ. 377. 



CATASCO'PIUM, Brid. A genus of 

 Bartramioidese (Acrocarpous Mosses). 



BIBL. Wilson, Bryol. Brit. p. 285; Berke- 

 ley, Brit. Mus. p. 168. 



C ATENEL'LA ,Grev. Agenus of Cryp- 

 tonemiacese (Florideous Algae), represented 

 by one British species, C. Opuntia (PI. 4. 

 fig. 21), which is not uncommon on marine 

 rocks near highwater mark. It presents a 

 mass of creeping fibres, from which arise 

 densely matted fronds 1-2 to 1" high. 

 Colour dull dark purple. Thefavellidia are 

 contained in the lateral capsular bodies 

 (fig. 102) ; the tetraspores are imbedded in 

 the periphery of the loosely cellular axis 

 (fig. 103). 



BIBL. Greville, Alcj. Brit. pi. 17; Harvev, 

 Br. Mar. Alq. pi. 20 B; Phyc. Brit. pi. 88 ; 

 Enql. Bot. (Rivularia Opuntia). pi. 1868 



CATERPILLARS. See INSECTS. 



CATHARI'NEA, Ehrh. A genus of 

 Polytrichaceous Mosses, containing some of 



