CATTLE-PLAGUE. 



[ 137 ] 



CELL, 



Fig. 102. 



Fig. 103. 



Catenella Opnntia. 



Fig. 10?. Fragment of a frond, with lateral capsular 

 bodies containing the faveilidia. Magnified 10 dia- 

 meters. 



Fig. 103. Transverse section of the axis, showing the 

 immersed tetraspores. Magnified 50 diameters. 



the Polytricha of authors, having a naked 

 calyptra ; Atriclium and Oligotrichum of 

 Wilson's Bryologia. 



BIBL. Wilson, Bryol. Brit. pp. 202, 204. 



CATTLE-PLAGUE or Rinderpest. 

 This terrible disease requires a brief notice 

 on account of its microscopic relations. 

 Careful examination of the muscles of ani- 

 mals which had died of it showed the pre- 

 sence of "Entozoa." These were found 

 afterwards to be Psorospermice, and to exist 

 in healthy as well as in diseased animals ; so 

 that they had no connexion with the malady. 

 A most copious Bibliography of the para- 

 sites infesting cattle is given in Cobbold's 

 work, p. 352. 



BIBL. Beale, Qu. Mic. Jn. 1866, p. 141 

 (figs.) ; Cobbold, Parasites, 1879, p. 280. 



CAYENNE PEPPER. This substance 

 consists of the ground seed-vessels of various 

 species of Capsicum ; it is often adulterated 

 both with substances increasing the bulk, 

 and with mineral colouring-matters. For 

 the detection of the former the microscope 

 is employed, first studying the characters 

 observed in the true un ground peppers. 

 Turmeric and rice-flour are named as falsify- 

 ing substances ; red earths, vermilion, and 

 red lead are detected by chemical analysis. 



BIBL. That of Adulterations. 



CECIDOMY'IA, Latr. A genus of Dip- 

 tera, of the family Tipulidee. 



C. tritici is the wheat-midge, which de- 

 posits its eggs in the flowers of corn. The 



yellow larvae wound the ovary, and so cause 

 a form of blight. 



C. destructor, the American wheat-midge, 

 or Hessian fly, is still more injurious to 

 crops. 



These insects may be found among the 

 ears of corn in the evening during the mouth 

 of May or June. 



BIBL. Kirby, Linn. Tr, iii., iv., v. ; West- 

 wood, Intr. p. 519 ; Sidney, Blights of the 

 Wheat, p. 109. 



CE'CROPS, Leach. A genus of Crusta- 

 cea, of the order Siphonostoma, and family 

 aligina. 



C. Latreillii. Found on the sun-fish 

 (Orthagoriscus mold). Female, length 1", 

 male 1-3". 



BIBL. Baird, Brit. Entomost. p. 289 j V. 

 d. Hoeven. Handb. d. Zoologie, i. 



CEDAR. The Cedar of Lebanon is the 

 Abies or Pinus Cedrus. The fragrant so- 

 called ( cedar,' of which pencils &c. are 

 made, is the wood of Juniperus virginiana. 

 See CONIFERS and WOOD. 

 CELL, ANIMAL. The tissues and organs 

 of animals, like those of plants, are in great 

 part made up of or derived from cells ; but 

 the full-grown structures of animals are 

 strikingly distinguished in general from 

 those of vegetables by the departure from 

 or disguisal of the primitive cellular consti- 

 tution. 



Under the head of CELL, VEGETABLE, 

 the cell is defined as a vesicle or sac con- 

 sisting of a membrane composed of cellu- 

 lose, containing within it a nitrogenous 

 structure, the vital part, called the proto- 

 plasm or primordial utricle. In animals, as 

 in the earlier stages of many plants, this 

 protoplasm may exist alone, either forming 

 the entire organism, or its parts only, with- 

 out a membranous envelope forming the 

 true cell or closed sac, as in Amoeba and 

 analogous organisms; but ordinarily the 

 animal cell, like the vegetable, is a true shut 

 sac, enclosing liquid or gelatinous protoplas- 

 mic contents, the membrane, however, being 

 here almost always composed of a nitroge- 

 nous compound, and only in a few cases of 

 cellulose or allied substances such as pre- 

 vail in the solid parts of plants. 



The membrane of animal cells is ordinarily 

 transparent and colourless, mostly smooth, 

 and so thin as to exhibit only a single 

 boundary line ; more rarely the membrane 

 is tolerably firm, presenting a measurable 

 thickness, while it is sometimes very thick, 

 and appears to consist of several layers. 



