CHLOROPTERIS. 



[ 170 ] 



CHOLERA. 



131; Henfrey-Masters, Bot. 498; Sachs, 

 Sot. 729 ; Sorby, Beale, How $c., 278 ; 

 Kraus, Z. Kenntniss. d. Chi. Farbstoffe, 1872 

 (Spectroscope) ; Askenasy, Bot. Zeit. 1867, 

 225 ; Geddes, Proc. Roy. Soc. no. 194 (Qu. 

 Mic. Jn. 1879, xix. 434) ; Palmer, M. M. J. 

 1877, xvii. 225 (figs.). 



CHLOROPTERIS, Mont. A genus of 

 Confervaceae (Confervoid Algae). 



1 species : not British. Rabenhorst, Fl. 

 Alg. iii. 346 (fig.)- 



CHLOROSPH^E'RA, Henfrey (EnE- 

 MOSPH^RA, De Bary). A genus of Uni- 

 cellular Algae, probably related to (Edo- 

 goniege (Rabenhorst places it among the 

 Palmellaceae) ; of which one species, C. Oli- 

 veri (E. viridis, De B.) (PI. 5. fig. 4) is 

 known, consisting of a single globular cell, 

 about 1-200" in diameter, densely filled with 

 green contents, sometimes exhibiting a radi- 

 ated appearance. The cell is multiplied by 

 dividing into two parts by a septum, and 

 forming a new perfect cell in each half, the 

 two new cells escaping through slits in the 

 parent-cell membrane, with elasticity, when 

 mature. Resting-spores, formed in fours 

 in a parent-cell and of a brown colour, have 

 been observed, but not their germination 

 nor any formation of zoospores. C. Oliveri 

 was found in a boggy ditch, at Prestwich 

 Car, Northumberland. It has been found 

 elsewhere in turfy pools. 



BIBL. Henfrey, Mic. Trans. 1859, vol. vii. 

 25 ; De Bary, Conj. 56. 



CHLOROTYLIUM, Ktz. A genus of 

 Chsetopboraceae (Confervoid Algae). 



Char. Filaments jointed, repeatedly di- 

 chotomous, parallel ; joints of two kinds, 

 some elongate and colourless, others swol- 

 len, abbreviate, and with green endo- 

 chromes. 



4 species. On rocks, submerged timber, 

 and the bottom of ponds. 



BIBL. Kiitzing, Sp. Alg. 432 ; Raben- 

 horst, Fl. Alg. iii. 386 (fig'.). 



CHOCOLATE. See COCOA. 



CHCE'NIA, Quennerstedt. A genus of 

 Holotrichous Infusoria. 



Char. Free, elongate, with a brush-like 

 tuft of large cilia at the anterior extre- 

 mity. 



C. teres, marine, = Trachelius t. Duj. 



BIBL. Kent, Inf. 521. 



CHOIROMY'CES. A genus of Tube- 

 racei (Ascomycetous Fungi) characterized 

 by a definite base, even common integu- 

 ment, clavate asci and spherical sporidia. 



C. meandriformis, Vitt., occurs occasion- 



ally in Great Britain. It sometimes attains 

 a considerable size. 



BIBL. Vitt. Man. Tab. 50; Ann. N. H. 

 xviii. 80 ; Sow. Fung. t. 310 ; Tul. Fung. 

 Hyp. 170, tab. xix. fig. 7. 



CHOLERA. The attempt has often 

 been made to discover some animalcule or 

 minute vegetable organism in the air, water, 

 and the intestinal and other animal liquids, 

 during the existence of cholera, which might 

 explain the origin of this fearful disease ; 

 and statements have been published an- 

 nouncing success. None of these have, 

 however, stood the test of rigid investiga- 

 tion. When the cholera prevailed at Berlin 

 in 1832, the renowned Ehrenberg, who had 

 then been engaged in the study of micro- 

 scopic organisms for many years, declared, 

 after special and careful examination, that 

 neither the air nor the water from various 

 localities contained any thing unusual. Re- 

 peated examinations of the air and water 

 of infected, localities, made in 1849, and 

 during the more recent accessions of the 

 cholera, have afforded also conclusive nega- 

 tive evidence. 



Hallier subsequently attempted to show 

 that it was probably derived in the first in- 

 stance from a fungus infesting rice. It is, 

 however, a remarkable fact that rice is far 

 less subject to attacks of Fungi than any 

 other cereals. The researches of Thwaites 

 and others have been directed to this espe- 

 cial point, and have in no respect confirmed 

 Hallier's views ; added to which, it was 

 quite evident that the fungus which ap- 

 peared in cholera-evacuations was not the 

 Urocystis, to which he referred it. De 

 Bary altogether denied the justice of his 

 views. Lewis and Cunningham were placed 

 by the government authorities in communi- 

 cation with De Bary and Hallier, and quite 

 accorded with the former of the two ; and 

 the very careful observations of Lewis at 

 Calcutta confirm De Bary's views. See 

 MICROZYMES. 



The methods of examining the air in re- 

 gard to this point are described under 

 AIR. 



BIBL. Baly and Gull, Hep. of Cholera 

 Subcommittee of Roy. Coll. Phys., London, 

 1849; Robin, Veget. Parasites, fyc., 1853, 

 appendice, 676 ; Hallier, Das Cholera- 

 Contagium; Privy Council Reports, 1866 and 

 1870;' Sansom, Jn. of Science, 1871, 153; 

 Berkeley, Mic. Jn. July 1869 ; Lewis, Re- 

 port on Objects found in Cholera-evacuations; 

 and Med. Chi. Rev. 1871. 



