CINCHONINE. 



[ 178 ] 



CIRRIPEDIA. 



Cons. gen. s. I. Ins. ; Westwood, Intr. ; 

 id. Brit. Cyd. N. H. i. 640 ; Jenyns, Ann. 

 A 7 . II. 1839, iii. 241 j Curtis, Brit. Entom. 

 xii. 569 ; Landois, Sieb. fy Soil. Zeitschr. 

 1868 (Anat.) (Qu. Mic. Jn. 1868, 268); 

 Megnin, Parasites, 1880, 53 j Leidy, Jn. 

 Mic. Soc. 1878, i. 27. 



CIN'CHONINE. Cinchonine is insoluble 

 in ether. See ALKALOIDS. 



BIBL. See CHEMISTRY. 



CINCLID'lUM, Swartz. A genus of 

 Mniaceee (operculate Mosses, arranged 

 among the Acrocarpi from prevailing habit); 

 of which one species, C. stygium, has been 

 found in Yorkshire. 



BIBL. Wilson, Bryol. Brit. 260 ; Berke- 

 ley, Brit. Moss. 181. 



CINCLIDOTUS, P. de B. See GUEM- 



BELIA. 



CINNAMON. This consists of the inner 

 part of the bark of Cinnamomum Zeylani- 

 cum (Lauracese) ; that of Cassia (C. Cassia}, 

 a coarser and less aromatic substance, is 

 often substituted. These both consist of 

 pitted 1-iber-cells andoil-bearingparenchyma 

 containing starch-granules, and are scarcely 

 distinguishable by the microscope. This 

 instrument, however, enables us to detect 

 the fraudulent extraction of the aromatic 

 oil, since heat applied for this purpose dis- 

 torts and destroys the characters of the 

 starch-granules. Ground Cinnamon and 

 Cassia are adulterated with flours of different 

 kinds, to increase bulk ; these are detected 

 by the characters of their starch-granules. 

 * BIBL. Hassall, Food $c. 399. 



CIONIS'TES, S. T. Wright A genus of 

 Hydroid Polypes, fam. Podocorynidse. 



C. reticulata. 



BIBL. Hincks, Brit. Zooph, 134 ; Wright, 

 Ann. N. H. 1861, viii. 123 (fig. 1). 



CIRCULAR CRYSTALS. This term 

 has been applied to the flattened groups 

 of radiating crystalline needles formed by 

 many salts and other crystalline substances. 

 The term, however, is objectionable as 

 tending to obscure their true nature. They 

 form beautiful polarizing objects. Among 

 the most interesting may be mentioned 

 boracic acid, oxalurate of ammonia, sali- 

 cine, and sulphate of cadmium. They 

 are further noticed under their respective 

 heads. Some of them are figured in PI. 39. 

 tigs. 9-12. 



It is interesting to remark that some 

 of these circular crystals, as boracic acid, 

 although belonging to a biaxial system, yet 

 exhibit a single series of coloured rings. 



See AMMONIA, OXALURATE OF, and PO- 

 LARIZATION. 



BIBL. Brewster. Optics. 1853, 269. 



CIRCULATION in ANIMALS. The 

 movement in a temporarily or permanently 

 definite to-and-fro direction, of the nutritive 

 liquids of animals. We can only enumerate 

 here the articles in which will -be found a 

 notice of the circulation, whether true or 

 spurious, as occurring in the most easily 

 accessible or interesting organisms ; suffice 

 it to say that circulation is produced either 

 by the agency of muscular or other con- 

 tractile tissue, or by the action of cilia. 

 ASELLUS, ARACHNIDA, ENTOMOSTRACA, 

 INFUSORIA, INSECTS (COCCINELLA, EPHE- 

 MERA, LARVJE, LIBELLULID^:), RANA, 

 TRITON. 



CIRCULATION in PLANTS. See RO- 

 TATION and LATEX. 



CIRRIPE'DIA or CIRRIIOPODA. 

 An order of Crustacea. The barnacles or 

 acorn-shells. 



Char. Marine animals, in the adult state 

 attached to other bodies ; enclosed in a mul- 

 tivalved shell or in a coriaceous involucre 

 furnished with calcareous points, the rudi- 

 ments of a shell ; eyes none in the adult 

 state ; six pairs of legs, each with a short 

 fleshy peduncle, and two many -jointed 

 horny cirri ; mouth furnished with mem- 

 branoso-corneous mandibles and maxillae ; 

 tail terete, acuminate, reflexed between the 

 legs ; body not divided into segments, 

 although there are indications of them in 

 the form of transverse furrows on the dor- 

 sal surface. The six pairs of arms or legs 

 which are situated on the ventral surface 

 have each, supported on a short peduncle, 

 two long thin incurved filaments, consist- 

 ing of numerous joints, and covered with 

 hairs. The animals protrude these fila- 

 ments incessantly from the orifice of the 

 shell, and retract them, whereby water for 

 respiration and, with the water, food is 

 brought into the shell. Cirripeds are 

 usually hermaphrodite ; sometimes dioe- 

 cious. 



The young 1 Cirripeds, after leaving the 

 ovum, resemble some of the Entomostraca, 

 as Cyclops & Cypris (Nauplius-iorm) . They 

 are unattached, and possess eyes. 



BIBL. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 

 1815, ii. ; Saint- Ange, Mem. Cirrip. ; Cold- 

 stream, Todd's Cyclop,, art. Cirrhopoda ; 

 Burmeister, Rankenfusser ; J. V. Thompson, 

 Zool. Researches, and Phil Trans. 1835, 

 355 ; Darwin, Monoy. Cirripcdia (Ray So- 



