MALLOMONAS. 



[ 488 ] 



MARCHANTIA. 



grain results from the outer cells of the 

 albumen being densely filled with starch- 

 grains (PI. 46. fig. 3), which, by pressure, 

 assume a parenchymatous form and cohere 

 together firmly. In the centre they are 

 loosely packed in the cells, and then are of 

 rounded forms (figs. 5 & 6). Figs. 1 to 4 

 represent successive stages of development 

 of the starch-grains in the protoplasmic 

 mass originally filling the cells, but finally 

 almost wholly displaced. See STARCH. 



MALLO'MONAS, Perty. A genus of 

 Cilio-flagellate Infusoria. 



Char. Body oval, elliptic or discoid, with 

 brown or greenish contents ; surface covered 

 with long non-vibratile hairs ; a single long 

 anterior flagellum. 



2 species j marsh-water. 



BIBL. Perty, Inf. 170 ; Kent, Inf. 464. 



MALPIGHIAN BODIES. See KIDNEY. 



MANDIOCorMANIHOT. SeeCASSAVA. 



MANILLA HEMP. One of the most 

 delicate of vegetable fibres used for textile 

 fabrics, yielded by the liber of the fibro- 

 vascular bundles of Musa te.rtilis, a kind of 

 banana common in the Philippine Islands 

 (PI. 28. fig. 7). It is manufactured into 

 " Manilla handkerchiefs " and " Manilla 

 scarfs," consisting of a delicate muslin. 

 These are often erroneously stated to be 

 made of the fibre of some kind of Pine- 

 apple. See TEXTILE SUBSTANCES. 



BIBL. Hooker's Journ. Sot. 1849, i. 28. 



MARANTACE^E. A family of Mono- 

 cotyledonous Flowering plants, to which 

 belong the true West-Indian arrow-root 

 plants (see ARROW-ROOT), and the Tous- 

 les-mois plants, species of CANNA. These 

 substances consist of the starch (PI. 46. 

 figs. 18, 25, & 26) obtained from the tube- 

 rous rhizomes of the plants (see STARCH). 



MARATTIA, Swartz. The typical ge- 



Fig. 442. 



Fig. 443. 



. Marattia. 



Fig. 442. Side view of a sorns. 

 Fig. 443. Indusium with the 



sortis removed. 

 Magnified 12 diams. 



nus of Marattiaceous Ferns. Tropical (figs. 

 442 & 443). Hook, Syn. 440. 



MARATTIA'CE^B. An order of Ferns, 

 approaching the Polypodiaceee in general 



habit, but more resembling the Ophioglos- 

 sacese in their sporanges, which are destitute 

 of an annulus, and often so fused together 

 as to form a multilocular sac. Gen. : 



Angiopteris. Caps, very close together, 

 opening by a lateral slit. 



Marattia. Capsules concrete, opening 

 by internal slits. 



Dancea. Caps, concrete, opening by api- 

 cal pores. 



Kaulfussia. Caps, concrete, in raised 

 circular masses, openings internal. 



MARBLE. See ROCKS. 



MARCHAN'TIA, Micheli. A genus of 

 Marchantieae (Hepaticae), Liverworts. The 

 most common species is M. polymorpha. 

 It is a little plant, not uncommon upon the 

 earth of damp shady courtyards, the borders 

 of springs, &c., extending itself in bright- 

 green thin lamellae of irregular lobed outline, 

 attached to the soil by radical hairs arising 

 on the lower surface. The frond presents 

 an upper and lower epidermis, with an 

 intermediate parenchyma; and the lobes 

 are traversed by a kind of midrib. The 

 upper surface is marked by raised lines 

 which cross each other very 



leaving between them lozenge-shaped spaces 

 (fig. 444), in the centre of each of which 



Fig. 444. 



Marchantia polymorpha. 



Lobe of a frond. 

 Magnified 10 diameters. 



occurs a stoma, leading to an intercellular 

 space in the parenchyma. The stomata of 

 Marchantia are circular, and consist of six- 

 teen cells, arranged so as to form four rings, 

 one upon another, each ring being composed 

 of four cells ; they may be best explained 

 by comparing them with a chimney com- 

 posed of four courses of bricks, each con- 

 sisting of four bricks laid together to enclose 

 a square. The parenchyma is composed of 



