VEGETABLE IVORY. [ 804 ] VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 



The upper part of the antheridium is like- 

 wise cut on by a septum ; and when mature 

 it bursts at the apex and discharges biciliated 

 spermatozoids resembling those of Pucus, 

 which enter the simultaneously opened neck 

 of the sporange and fertilize its granular 

 contents. The contents become isolated 

 from the wall, secrete a proper coat, and 

 form a free cell (spore) lying in the sporange, 

 its green granular matter gradually becoming 

 brown (PI. 5. fig. 12 c). Two coats, at least, 

 are developed ; and the spore ultimately 

 escapes by the decay of the parent filament 

 and sporange. According to Pringsheim, 

 about three months elapse before germina^ 

 tion, in which process the outer spore-coat 

 splits, and the inner grows out into a 

 tube, forming the basis of a new ramifica- 

 tion of the F<mcAma-filainent. 



In the systematic works on Algology, 

 numerous species of aquatic and land Vau- 

 cherifs are described ; but we agree with 

 Thuret in believing that the characters by 

 which most of the forms are distinguished 

 are unessential, therefore we omit any syn- 

 opsis of them. Even V. racemosa, De- 

 caisne, appears merely an extreme of the 

 kind of development producing V. geminata. 

 Thuret proposes the name V. Ungeri, to in- 

 clude all but V. racemosa j Hassall suppresses 

 the name V. clavata, as indicating a form 

 common to all the species, of which he de- 

 scribes a large number. We do not find 

 any thing sufficiently distinctive in the cha- 

 racters of the marine species cited by 

 Harvey. 



BIBL. Vaucher, Conserves cfeau douce 

 (Ectosperma) ; Hassall, Alg. j Harvey, Mar. 

 Alg. 195; linger, Nova Acta, xiii. 11, Die 

 Pflanze im Mom. der Thierwerdung , 1843 j 

 Decaisne,^4ww. Sc. Nat. 2. xvii. 430 ; Thuret, 

 ibid. xix. 266 ; Karsten, Bot. Zeit. x. 85, xv. 

 1 ; Pringsh. Ber. Berl. Ak. 1855 ; Ann. N. 

 H. 2. xv. 346 ; Braun, Verjung. (Ray Soc.), 

 Alg. unicell., 8, 105 ; Nageli, Neues Algen- 

 syst. 175, pi. 4; Itzigsohn, Bot. Zeit. xi. 

 225 ; Dippel, Flora, 1856, 481 ; Rabenht. 

 Alg. iii. 267 j Sachs, Bot. 275. 



VEGETABLE IVORY. This substance 

 consists of the seeds of the Palm called 

 Phytelephas macrocarpa, and is composed of 

 a large round mass of bony ALBUMEN, in 

 which a small embryo is imbedded. Slices 

 of^this ivory-like albumen, placed under the 

 microscope, afford very beautiful examples 

 of vegetable cells with the cavities almost 

 obliterated by SECONDARY DEPOSITS (PL 

 47. fig. 23). 



VEGETABLE KINGDOM. The large 

 number of Natural Orders of Angiospermous 

 Flowering Plants, and the subordinate 

 characters of their diversities in microscopic 

 structure, lead us to depart from the plan 

 on which^ the Synopsis of the Animal 

 Kingdom is given and carry it into effect 

 here only in reference to the Cryptogamic 

 plants. For the microscopic phenomena in 

 the Phanerogamia described in this work, 

 reference should be made to the articles 

 EMBRYO, OVULE, TISSUES, WOOD, &c. 



Kingdom VEGETABILIA. 

 Subk. 1. Phanerogamia. Flowering plants . 

 Division 1. Angiospermia. 

 Class I. DICOTYLEDONS. 



Most common trees and herbs. 

 Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

 Grasses, rushes, most bulbous plants, 



palms, &c. 



Division 2. Gymnospermia. 

 Class III. CONIFERS. 



Firs, pines, yew. 

 Class IV. CYCADACE^:. 

 Cycas, Zamia. 



Subk. 2. Cryptogamia. Flowerless plants. 

 Division 1. Cormophytes or Acrogens. 

 Class I. LYCOPODIALES. 

 Order 1. MARSILEACEJE. 



Pilularia, Pill-wort. 

 Order 2. LYCOPODIACEJE, 



Club-mosses. 

 Class H. FILICALES. 

 Order 1. FILICACEJE. 



Ferns. 

 Order 2. EQUISETACE^E. 



Horse-tails. 

 Class III. MUSCALES. 

 Order 1. MUSCACE.ZE. 



Mosses. 

 Order 2. HEPATICJE. 



Liverworts and Scale-Mosses. 

 (Order of uncertain place, CHA- 



RACEJE.) 



Division 2. Thallophytes. 

 Class I. AJLGM. 

 Order 1. FLORIDEJE. 



Red sea-weeds. 

 Order 2. FUCOIDE^E. 

 Olive sea-weeds. 

 (Phaeosporese.) 

 Order 3. CONFERVOIDE^E. 



Green silk-weeds, slime-weeds, 

 and brittle-weed8(Diatomacea3). 



