VEINS. 



[ 806 ] 



VERRUCARIA, 



Class II. LICHENS. 

 Class III. FUNGI. 



Order 1. SCHIZOMYCETES. 



Bacterium, Vibrio. 

 Order 2. PHYCOMYCETES. 



Moulds and mildews. 

 Order 3. HYPODERMIC. 



Uredinese, Ustilaginese, smuts, &c. 

 Order 4. BASIDIOMYCETES. 



Mushrooms, toad-stools, puif-balls. 

 Order 5. ASCOMYCETES. 



Truffles, inorells, &c. 

 Order 6. MYXOMYCETES. 



Trichia, JEthalium, Lycogala. 



BIBL. Lindley, Veg. Kingdom-, End- 

 licher, Gen. Plant. ; Fries, Summa Veget. 

 Scan.-, Henfrey-Masters, JElem. Course', 

 Sachs, Lehrb. Bot. 



VEINS OF ANIMALS. The walls of the 

 veins are thinner than those of the arteries, 

 which arises principally from the less de- 

 velopment of the contractile and elastic 

 elements. The inner coat is less developed, 

 but otherwise agrees with that of the arteries 

 in structure. The middle coat is not yellow, 



Fig. 799. 



Longitudinal section of the vena cava inferior, near 

 the liver, a, inner coat ; b, middle coat without mus- 

 cular fibres ; c, inner layer of the outer coat a, its 

 longitudinal muscles; j8, its transverse areolar ele- 

 ments; d, outer portion of the outer coat, without 

 muscles. Magnified 30 diameters. 



but greyish red, containing more connective 

 tissue and fewer elastic fibres and muscles ; 

 in addition to the transverse, it has longitu- 

 dinal layers. The outer coat is usually the 

 thickest, agreeing with that of the arteries, 

 except that in many veins, especially those 

 of the abdominal cavity, it contains well- 

 developed longitudinal muscular fibres. 



The veins of the brain, the bones, retina, 

 &c., contain no muscular fibres. 



The large veins, near the heart, contain 

 transverse striated muscular fibres. 



BIBL. Kolliker, JKrt.ii.; Eberth,$nc&?r' 

 Hist. ; Frey, Hist. 



VEINS OF PLANTS. The name com- 

 monly applied to the ramifications of the 

 VASCULAR BUNDLES, forming the ribs of 

 leaves and similar organs. 



VENILI'NA, Giimbel. SeeTsxTULARiA. 

 (Giimbel, Tr. Munich Acad. cl. 2. x. 648). 



VERMES. A subkingdom of the ANI- 

 MAL KINGDOM. 



VERMICULA'RIA, Fr. A genus of 

 Sphseronemei (Coniomycetous Fungi), but 

 seemingly stylosporous states of Sphseriacei, 

 most of the species being included under 

 Sphesria in the British Flora. They grow 

 on decaying stalks, leaves, or wood. S. re- 

 licina, t)ematium, culmifraga, trichella, and 

 others of the Br. Fl. belong here. Another 

 species, V. atramentwia, is common on de- 

 caying potato-stems, forming black velvety 

 patches. This is distinguished from V. 

 Dematium by its straight spores. The erect 

 black hairs of the perithecia are character- 

 istic. 



BIBL. Berk. Br. Flor. ii. pt. 2. 274, &c., 

 Ann. N. H. 2 v. 378; Fries, Sum. Veg. 

 419. 



VERMILION, or bisulphuret of mercury, 

 is used as a pigment for inj ecting. It should 

 be in a finely divided state, in which it is 

 best obtained by levigation, and should not 

 exhibit any white crystalline particles when 

 examined as an opaque obiect. 



VERNEUILI'NA, D'Orb. See TEXTU- 



LARIA. 



VERRUCA'RIA, Pers. A genus of Py- 

 renodei (Lichenaceous Lichens), containing 

 numerous species having a crustaceous or 

 cartilagineo-membranous thallus growing 

 upon and adherent to the bark of trees or 

 stones ; named from the wart-like processes 

 corresponding to the perithecia, which open 

 by a pore at the surface. The perithecia 

 have a black rind, enclosing either the 

 whole or the upper half of the nucleus, 

 The spermogonia much resemble the peri- 



