248 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924. 



Mr. Buchanan'. What use have you found for them? 



Mr. Campbell. We have found use for tliem in the manufacture 

 of oils from the citrus fruits, the use of the peel of the fruit, in the 

 manufacture of citrate of hme. citric acid, and also their employment 

 where the fruit is of n nualitv to enable its use, in the manufacture 

 of a base for marmalade. There are some several well-established 

 factories in southern California as a result of the work we have 

 done there. 



Mr. Buchanan. What did you say was the difference between 

 the former price of culled oranges and the price at the present time ? 



Mr. Campbell. Formerly, wnen they had a sale at all, it would 

 be about .S2 a ton. rangino: from $2 to S4 per ton, while now it is, 

 in roaind numbers. $W a ton. 



VALUK OK KESEAIUH WORK. 



Mr. BiciLvxAN. Do you attribute this exclusively to the research 

 work of the Bureau of Chemistry ? 



Mr. Campbell. Entirely, becau.se these products had no virtue, 

 no value at all; they represented a waste material. 



The work we are doing now, through the laboratory that has been 

 interesting it.self in this matter, is that of determining some plan by 

 which we can detect, before marketing, the extent of damage that 

 may have been done by a freeze. Periodically the citru.s-fruit growing 

 sections of the country are visited by frosts, with the result that if 

 the oianges are frozen there is eventual evaporation to a degree that 

 renders that fruit unfit for food purposes. You will find it is abso- 

 lutely dried up, but there is no indication of that fact from an inspec- 

 tion of the outside of the orange. Now, this evaporation does not 

 manifest itself immediately. The freezing seems to protluce a con- 

 dition in the cell tissue of the fruit that brings about this drying out 

 or evaporation frc(|uently several weelcs after the freezing has oc- 

 curred. If that fruit could be put on the market immediatelv and 

 consumed before this evaporation takes place there would he no 

 ()bjection to it, but if the producing industry ships that fruit and 

 linds that l)y the time it gets to the Atlantic seacoast it has begun 

 tu eva|)orate it not only sustains a loss which would be visited upon 

 it through the destruction of the fruit, but in has in addition the 

 charges of transportation, packing, and shipping. Our effort now is 

 ^) work out some way. if it is practicable, which will make it pos- 

 sible in this industry to determine, prior to shipment and promptly 

 after the freezin*^, wliether there had been a damage to this truit that 

 would warrant its destruction there or the witlmolding of it from 

 luiirkets as remote as the Atlantic seaboard. 



Mr. Bu( ilvnan. You say you are not able to determine, under a 

 specific temperature, that a particular freeze has been sulhcient to 

 cause evaporation. Of course, the farmer knows when there has 

 been a frost. 



Mr. Ca.mi'hell. lie knt>ws when he has had a freeze, but unfortu- 

 nately, .Mr. Buchanan, we fhid that these freezes are not univei-sal. 

 The cold IciiipcrMlure you will get in a certain section will not be 

 rrllected in the matter of the fruit that is j)roduced in that entire 

 Nuality. You will, in .some sections, through a depression in the 

 surface, find that the fruit will be very materially allected. while in 

 a mon- clcvntcd Held it will not be nd'ivted at all. Now. tli(> freeze 



