AC.IUCULTURAL AI'PI{()1>IUATI()N BflJ^ 1914. 249 



\vt' liiul in ('alif<»niiji last yrar showrd that this rrtntiition roiihl ho 

 ns<rihi'<| to certain hxahtios. hut thai there woiihl he iMtints Hoiith 

 of some of the frozen soctions where there would he no freezing, atul 

 then points farther south where (here wouhl he. so that [><»s^ihlv the 

 free/in<j or hu'k of freezin;; depends altogether on the ilepressmn and 

 elevation of the land. But even where tliere luus heen a freeze, where 

 they have had a fairly low ten»j)erature and there are indications 

 that some of the fruit has heeji (faniaged. it does not follow that all 

 the fruit on a particular tree <»r all the fruit in the grove will he dam- 

 aged, and the question is the determination, m* promptly »us pcmsihle. 

 of that which has heen frozen, so that it may he (diminnted. 



The only thing that is heing done hy us to detect that condition 

 now is the employment of a plan which was <levise<l hy the hureiiu 

 hftsed on the specific gravity of the fruit, hut it is a plan which vou 

 can not em|)loy until some several weeks have elapsed. That is just 

 a flotation |)rocess, hecause after it evaporates it oecomes lighter, so 

 that the heavier oranges under this plan would go to the hot torn 

 while the lighter oranges would float off on top. But it takes time 

 to do that; you have got to wait until aft<>r evaporation takes pla<*e, 

 and that is merely a means of detection after the injury has already 

 taken place. 



Mr. Buchanan. You can do that as well hy opening up your 

 oranges, can you not ^ 



Mr. Campbell. Yes: hut our experience is that if you take a ho.\ 

 of oranges antl cut into half a dozen of them and they run had you 

 can go ahead and cut 25 and they will run good, oranges taken from 

 the same Held and from the same section. 



UTILIZATION OF BY-PKODUCT8. 



There is also reflected in the plan of utilization of waste hy-products, 

 the work the bureau has done on corncobs. I think we have told 

 vou formerly of the progress we have made and how in that work we 

 have found that corncobs will produce, in addition tt) ailhesive, 

 which seems to have commercial value, a product known tis furfural; 

 furfural is an article which lends itself to the manufacture of certain 

 classes of products requiring a resinous base. 



Furfural was an expensive chemical formerly, but the iliscovery 

 of a supply of material from which it can be made will reduce the 

 cost of it. It is now used in the manufacture of printing; plates, 

 phonograph records, and products of that sort. Our especial concern 

 at this moment is the determination of just exactly the point at 

 which the material can be used to the most economic advantage in 

 the production of these two products, the adhesive and furfural. 



We are also studying other classes of products, such as rice hulls, 

 cottonseed hulls, oat hulls, and that chuss of material which lends 

 itself to the recovery of furfural. 



IV\K"iTI''. ^TI'>V <>(■■ >-Mp<>V AS A rtFVFRAC.F. 



Another type of work that is heing done in this same line is the 

 utilization of casina. I spoke to you last year about this in con- 

 nection with a specific request for an increase in this bill in the 

 amount of $5,000 to undertake some experimental work on the use 

 of casina for the purpose of manufacturing a beverage. 



