352 ON VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES. 



volcanic mass, of which a very small portion is now 

 in a state of activity. In Peru, there are abundant 

 traces of the same nature; but I need not enumerate 

 here all which have been recorded. 



The volcanoes now in a state of activity, are often 

 found in the same districts or places as those which 

 have been long extinct ; indicating the existence of a 

 permanent cause, and 3. tendency to the repetition of 

 the same phenomena after long intervals of repose. 

 Those of Europe are limited to Iceland, and to the 

 Italian volcanoes ; too well known to require enu- 

 meration. In Asia, there is one extensive volcanic- 

 tract ; twenty being enumerated in Kamtschatka, of 

 which five at least, if not seven, are of great di- 

 mensions ; the whole appearing to be connected with 

 those of the Kurile islands, which amount to nine. 

 In central Tartary there are two or more, among 

 which Tourfan is conspicuous ; and there are some 

 in China which are yet unknown to us. Kaempfer has 

 counted eighteen in Japan and the adjoining isles ; 

 and there are nine in the Ladrones, with many in the 

 Philippines; the principal island, Luzon, containing 

 three. The Molucca islands also abound in them, as 

 do Sumatra and Java; the latter, according to Raffles, 

 possessing forty-eight. Many others occur also in 

 the adjacent islands. 



Among African volcanoes, there are said to be 

 forty-two active or dormant in the Azores. In the 

 Canary islands, that of Teneriffe is particularly noted; 

 and in the Cape de Verde, Fuego is active, as are 

 those of Ascension and Bourbon ; but the interior of 

 that vast continent is nearly unknown to us. The 

 occurrence of obsidian in great abundance on the 

 shores of Arabia, must be taken as an indication of 

 unknown volcanoes in that countrv. 



