310 ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY. 



Totanns rufus> Briss. ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 156 

 (1885). 



Adult Male in Breeding Plumage. General colour above black- 

 ish, mottled with chestnut-red, with which each feather is 

 notched or margined ; wing-coverts dark brown, with white 

 edgings to the feathers, a little broader on the inner webs of 

 the greater series, many of the coverts tinged with chestnut, 

 especially on the inner greater coverts ; bastard-wing, primary- 

 coverts, and quills blackish, the primaries lighter brown on the 

 inner web, freckled towards its base, which is whitish, the first 

 primary with a white shaft, the rest with brown shafts ; secon- 

 daries brown, edged with white, and with a longitudinal sub- 

 terminal mark of white along the inner web ; the innermost 

 secondaries like the back, blackish notched with rufous ; lower 

 back and rump white, mottled with spear-shaped spots of 

 black ; the upper tail-coverts barred with black and white or 

 chestnut and black ; tail-feathers brown or greyish-brown, 

 tipped with white and barred across with white, the white bars 

 sometimes tinged with chestnut; crown of head chestnut, 

 streaked with blackish-brown centres to the feathers, narrower 

 on the hind-neck ; a broad chestnut eyebrow ; lores and sides 

 of face chestnut, with numerous blackish spots on the former ; 

 under the eye a whitish spot ; entire under surface of body 

 chestnut, with blackish streaks on the sides of the upper breast ; 

 under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with indistinct spots 

 on the former, and bars on the latter of dusky brown ; quills 

 dusky below, with more or less white on the inner webs ; bill 

 flesh-colour, dusky on its terminal half; feet greyish-blue, toes 

 darker, claws black; iris brown. Total length, 18*5 inches, 

 culmen, 2-65; wing, 7-9; tail, 2*8; tarsus, r8. 



Adult Female. Similar to the male, but with a longer bill, 

 and apparently never becoming so entirely chestnut below or 

 on the sides of the face and neck. Total length, 16 inches; 

 wing, 8-25. 



Adult in Winter Plumage. Ashy-brown above with longi- 

 tudinal black centres to the feathers, and evident ashy-white 

 margins, the wing-coverts like the back, and the white edges 

 very strongly marked ; wings and tail as in the breeding 

 plumage, but the bars lighter brown and not so black, and 



