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MUSCLE-NERVE PHYSIOLOGY 



opening behind them as well as in front, no second vocal tone is produced by 

 the passage of the air through the posterior opening, but merely a rustling 

 sound. The pitch of the note produced is the same whether the posterior 

 part of the glottis be open or not. 



FIG. 348. Three Laryngoscopic Views of the Superior Aperture of the Larynx and 

 Surrounding Parts. A, The glottis during the emission of a high note in singing; B, in 

 easy and quiet inhalation of air; C, in the state of the widest possible dilatation, as in 

 inhaling a very deep breath. The diagrams A', B', and C', show in horizontal sections of 

 the glottis the position of the vocal ligaments and arytenoid cartilages in the three several 

 states represented in the other figures. In all the figures, so far as marked, the letters 

 indicate the parts as follows, viz.: /, the base of the tongue; e, the upper free part of the 

 epiglottis; e', the tubercle or cushion of the epiglottis; ph, part of the anterior wall of the 

 pharynx behind the larynx; in the margin of the aryteno-epiglottidean fold w, the swelling 

 of the membrane caused by the cartilages of Wrisberg; s, that of the cartilages of Santorini; 

 a, the tip or summit of the arytenoid cartilages; cv, the true vocal cords or lips of the rima 

 glottidis; cvs, the superior or false vocal cords; between them the ventricle of the larynx; 

 in C, tr is placed on the anterior wall of the receding trachea, and b indicates the com- 

 mencement of the two bronchi beyond the bifurcation which may be brought into view 

 in this state of extreme dilatation. (Quain, after Czermak.) 



The Voice in Singing. The laryngeal tones may be produced in three 

 different kinds of sequence. The first is the monotonous, in which the notes 

 have nearly all the same pitch as in ordinary speaking; the variety of the 

 sounds of speech being due to articulation in the mouth. In speaking, occa- 

 sional syllables receive a higher intonation for the sake of accent. The 

 second mode of sequence is the successive transition from high to low notes, 



