REACTIONS OF THE HUMAN WITHOUT CEREBRUM 637 



animals in which the operation has been carried out, in the rabbit and rat, 

 a result very similar to those observed in the case of the frog and pigeon has 

 been obtained. The animal is able to maintain its equilibrium, to run or 

 jump, and in fact successfully carry out the most complicated co-ordinated 

 movements, but it is unable to originate them without stimulation. In the 

 case of the dog, it has been found impossible to remove the whole brain at one 

 operation. However, Goltz has succeeded in removing both the cerebral 

 hemispheres of the dog by doing the operation in successive stages and taking 

 extraordinary precautions to protect his animal against the great fall of 

 temperature and the immediate shock of the operation. He kept his dog 

 alive for some eighteen months and secured a complete recovery from the 

 series of operations. Goltz's dog was able to walk about, it responded to a 

 bright light by closing its eyes, and could be aroused by a sharp, loud sound. 

 It spent its time lying down in the cage, sleeping rolled up dog-fashion. 

 When aroused by stimulation of the skin, it would move away from the 

 stimulating object and would sometimes growl and snap at the object. 

 If it snapped at the object it would do so without going toward it or making 

 the usual effort to seize the object which we are accustomed to expect of a 

 normal vicious dog. This dog did not spontaneously feed itself, but had 

 to have food placed in its mouth before it would swallow. But the animal 

 finally learned to take food, as in the case of the pigeon. This animal gave 

 very definite responses to its condition of nourishment; it slept quietly and 

 was peaceful when fully fed, but was restless and irritable when hungry. 



Goltz' s dog showed complete absence of those activities which we would 

 call psychic. That is to say, it showed no memory signs, it was unable 

 to learn the signal for feeding, it did not manifest any fondness or signs of 

 pleasure at the presence of its caretaker. In short, there was a complete 

 loss of memory and intelligence, and the animal, although performing some 

 activities, was in fact reduced to a mere automaton. It would be difficult to 

 imagine a more crucial experiment to elucidate the function of the cerebral 

 cortex. 



It is quite evident that the apparatus for carrying out co-ordinated move- 

 ments in these animals is not localized either in the cerebrum or in the spinal 

 cord. It must therefore be connected in some way with the parts of the 

 brain below the cerebrum and above the cord. There is no reason why such 

 an arrangement may not be supposed to exist in the human brain, although 

 we must look upon the cerebrum as the originator of voluntary movements. 



The Reactions of the Human without Cerebrum. In 1913 Edinger 

 and Fischer reported a most interesting case of a child who without 

 cerebrum lived to the age of three and three-fourths years, see figure 400. 



The cerebrum in this child consists only of a mass of cysts without nerve 

 tissue. The optic and olfactory nerves were also lacking in nerve elements, 

 though the optic chiasma had some nerve tissue. The cerebellum did not 



