'X) HANDBOOK OF ANATOMY 



particularly developed, forming a partition between the muscles 

 of the two sides, and called the ligamentum nuchae. 



The atlas and the axis have several additional ligaments join- 

 ing them together, one being a transverse ligament, which is 

 attached to the dorsal surface of the anterior arch of the axis, 

 and passes behind the odontoid peg of the axis. 



The spinal column as a whole is freely movable, and permits 

 of movement round three axes 



Transverse flexion and extension. 



Antero-posterior lateral flexion. 



Vertical rotation. 



Posterior Band of Superior 

 Costo-transverse Ligament 

 Anterior Band of Superior 



Costo-transverse Ligament 



_ . Anterior Common 

 Ligament 



_Inlerverttbral 



Anterior Costp-central ' 

 or Stellate Ligament I 



Interarticular Ligament 



FIG. 34. VERTEBRAL LIGAMENTS. 



The articulations of the ribs, both with the vertebra) and the 

 sternum, are by means of gliding joints, which allow the ribs 

 to be raised and lowered by the muscles to perform the act of 

 "breathing. 



Muscles of Trunk. 



The actions of the muscles of the trunk are very complex. 

 They are arranged in two main sets 

 Muscles of the back. 

 Muscles of the abdominal wall. 



