SECTION V 



P 



BONES AND MUSCLES OF HEAD 



THE term skull includes all the bones making up the head. This 

 comprises the bones which enclose the brain i.e., the cranium, 

 and the bones composing the skeleton of the face. 



The bones of the cranium are The occipital, sphenoid, 

 ethmoid, frontal, the two parietals, and the two temporals. 



The bones of the face are The vomer, the mandible, and 

 pairs of maxillae, malar, palate, lachrymal, nasal, and inferior 

 turbinate. 



The hyoid bone is usually described with those of the skull. 



All the bones of the head and face are joined together by 

 immovable joints (sutures), except the mandible. 



The skull, as a whole, is studied from five aspects from 

 the front, the side, the back, the top, and the base. 



Norma Frontalis the skull viewed from the front. This 

 is limited above by the smooth convex upper part of the frontal 

 bone, and below by the teeth of the upper jaw, if the mandible 

 be disarticulated. The eye-sockets are formed by the lower 

 part of the frontal bone, which in the middle articulates with 

 the two nasal bones to form the bridge of the nose. The 

 lower border of the eye-sockets is formed, internally, by the 

 maxillae and externally, by the malar bones, which give promi- 

 nence to the cheeks. The two maxillae articulate in the middle 

 line below the nasal opening, to form the upper jaw; below 

 hangs the mandible, or lower jaw, which articulates on each 

 side by a very loose joint with the temporal bone. 



Nopma Lateralis (the side view of the skull). In this view 

 it can be seen distinctly which bones form the face and which 

 the cranium. A line drawn from the middle of the lower border 



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