334 PAPILIONINA [VANESSA 



two pale yellowish spots on costa posteriorly ; a pale yellow 

 terminal fascia, preceded by a series of light lilac -blue spots. 

 Hindwings as forewings, but projection central; no costal 

 spots. Wings beneath as above, but as though faded, ground 

 strigulated with black. 



Britain to Caledonian Canal, S. Ireland, an occasional 

 migrant only, but sometimes arriving in rather considerable 

 numbers; Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia, N. America; 8-5. 

 Larva black, clothed with greyish-ochreous pubescence ; a black 

 dorsal line traversing a series of deep reddish spots ; seven rows 

 of black bristly spines ; head black : on Salix, birch, poplar, 

 etc.; 6, 7. 



6. V. atalanta, L. 54-70 mm. Forewings with termen pro- 

 minent below apex; black, anteriorly brown - tinged ; a red 

 fascia from before middle of costa to near tornus ; several white 

 spots towards apex. Hindwings without prominence ; brownish- 

 black ; a red terminal fascia, containing a series of black dots, 

 and a bluish tornal mark. Hindwings beneath brownish, irre- 

 gularly marked with black. 



Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common, rather irregular ; 

 Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa, N. America ; 9-6. Larva grey, 

 dark brown, or blackish, freckled with greenish -yellow or 

 whitish ; subdorsal line sometimes yellowish ; spiracular yel- 

 lowish, distinct ; seven rows of black or pale yellowish bristly 

 spines ; head dark fuscous or blackish : on Urtica and Parie- 

 taria, solitary, in a chamber formed of a spun leaf ; 7, 8. 



7. V. cardui, L. 56-66 mm. Forewings with termen sinu- 

 ate ; brownish -orange, basally blackish -mixed ; an irregular 

 interrupted black antemedian fascia ; apical area black, includ- 

 ing several white spots. Hindwings without prominence, 

 brownish -orange ; basal area and a median fascia blackish- 

 mixed ; three posterior rows of black spots ; a bluish tornal 

 mark. Hindwings beneath light brown with some white 

 blotches and pale yellowish lines ; subterminal spots ocellated 

 with blue and black. 



Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common, very irregular ; 

 Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia, Pacific Islands, practi- 

 cally cosmopolitan ; 8-6. Larva greyish-ochreous, greenish, or 

 blackish, yellowish -freckled ; dorsal line black, sometimes 

 yellowish -edged ; subdorsal and lateral lines sometimes yel- 

 lowish ; spiracular pale yellow, distinct ; seven rows of bristly 

 spines ; sometimes also a general clothing of dense hairs : on 

 Carduus, Urtica, JSchium, Malva, etc. ; 6, 7, sometimes 9. 



