THE PHYLLOXERA, OR GRAPE LOUSE OF THE VINE. 121 



" It has been stated that the phylloxera keeps below the 

 soil in dry weather, but ascends the stocks in the wet 

 season (Villedieu). 



" M. Lichtenstein lays much importance on the fact that 

 the males and females remain for several days after they 

 have been deposited by the winged insect in certain delicate 

 membranes, which at one time he regarded as cocoons. 



" I gather from his remarks that when two winged gene- 

 rations appear in phylloxera, the first produces a rostrated 

 progeny, and the last a non-rostrated. If the vine phyl- 

 loxera shows but one alate generation it furnishes the 

 non-rostrated sexes in the autumn. He warns all investi- 

 gators against the confusion likely to arise by confounding 

 an alate insect with its later winged successor. 



"If there be no aerial forms in a cycle the foundress 

 descends at once to the roots and no galls appear on the 

 leaves." 



Prevention and Remedies. 



In the history of the world there has been no more 

 deadly enemy to the vigneron of Europe, America, and 

 elsewhere than the much dreaded hosts of this tiny but 

 destructive little insect. Few indeed have been so well 

 worked out by enthusiastic scientists, who, recognising 

 the enormous amount of damage done, and the benefits to 

 be derived from a careful study of the life-history of the 

 pest, have given to the world the results of their labours 

 both scientific and practical. To enumerate all the names 

 of those who stand in the first rank as observers of the 

 habits of this insect would be perhaps out of place here, 

 but the names of M. Lichtenstein, Professors Riley, Cornu, 

 Balbiani, Planchon, Buckton, Villedieu, and others 

 cannot be overlooked, nor can their untiring efforts to 

 combat this dire pest be forgotten. 



Baron von Mueller in his work on " Select Plants for 

 Industrial Culture and Naturalization in Extra-tropical 

 Countries" one of the most valuable books which has seen 

 the light in Australia, speaks of the phylloxera as follows : 



" As is well known the grape vine is subject to the 

 attacks of various insect and fungous pests. The most 



