19 



with the organs of the body All the vital functions are 

 carried on through their coats The vascular system a 

 great ramified cell The solids of the body are external 

 to the vessels as well as to the alimentary canal. 



LECTURE XL 

 Of Respiration) and the Human Circulation. 



Necessity for valves in blood vessels. The valves of the arte- 

 ries found only at their origin from the heart. Those of 

 the veins seen throughout their course. 



Effects of the valves of the veins on exercise and health. Ef- 

 fects of stature on the veins. Varicosity. Cold feet. 

 Deficient nutrition. Similar injury from tight ligatures. 

 Explanation of the good effects of exercise on the circula- 

 tion. Remarks on walking, dancing, &c. On passive ex- 

 ercise. Riding, swinging, sailing, a sea voyage, &c. 



Philosophy of rest in disease. 



History of the nature and effects of respiration. Conditions 

 essential to respiration. Respiration in insects. Tracheal 

 respiration. Respiration in spiders, certain shell-fish, and 

 in man. Pulmonary respiration. 



Respiration of animals permanently resident in water. Bron- 

 chial respiration. Varieties of bronchial organs. The 

 glaucus. Fishes. Combat of gold and silver fish at the 

 Capitol. 



Imperfect respiration of reptiles. Circulation of blood in the 

 tad-pole and frogs. 



Perfect respiration in fishes, quadrupeds, and man. Energy 

 of organs dependent upon the activity of their nutrition, 

 and hence, on respiration. 



The most perfect animals continue to breathe by the skin. 

 Cutaneous respiration of frogs; of man. Effects of air 

 on wounds attributable to respiration. 



Of the human respiration. 



Cavity of the chest. Bony walls. The spine, ribs, breast- 

 bone; collar-bone; shoulder-blade. Fleshy walls. Inter- 



