15 



on absorption. Dr. Pennock's experiments on poisoned 

 wounds. Contraction of skin after long illness. Dropsy 

 from debility. Effects of bandages. Phenomena of sleep, 

 diminishing tone. Late suppers. Similar condition in 

 children growing rapidly, and in convalescence from dis- 

 ease. Dietetic cruelties practised on children, and false 

 kindness shown to the sick and feeble in relation to food. 



Gradually increasing complexity of the DIGESTIVE APPARATUS 



in ascending the scale of animal organization. 

 Divided stomach of medusa effecting a kind of circulation. 

 MASTICATORY APPARATUS. Jaws and teeth of the sea urchin, 

 capable of breaking solid shells. (Echinus and Spantan- 

 cus.) Those of Insects. 



Internal masticatory organs. Gizzards. Those of a shell 

 fish capable of grinding coral. Teeth in the stomach of 

 the Lobster. Lining membrane of gizzards. Strength of 

 the gizzard qf the Turkey, grinding needles. 

 Use of pebbles instead of teeth by certain birds. 

 The more highly organized is the food of an animal, the more 



simple is its digestive apparatus. 

 Alimentary canal of carniverous animals. The crane. The 



shark. Anecdote of shark. 



Digestion slow and difficult in animals living on vegetable 

 food. Long and complex, often with several stomachs in 

 others. Craw of pigeons its use. Craw of shell-fish. 

 Four stomachs of ruminating animals. Water vessel of 

 the camel. 

 Necessity for a MUSCULAR SYSTEM in complex animals. 



Definition of MUSCLE. Influence of life on the strength of 



muscles. 



Use of muscles. Muscular contractility Muscular tonicity. 

 Division of the muscular system into Voluntary Muscles, Invo- 

 luntary Muscles, and Mixed Muscles, wisdom and necessity 

 of this division Technical division of the muscular system 

 into the muscles of organic life and those of animal life. 

 Structure, uses, and arrangement of FASCIA. 

 Structure of muscle and of muscular fibres Actions Every fibre 

 an organ Irregular actions Convulsions Cramp Color 



