Other apparent exceptions Many animals deprived of a 

 cuticle or scarf skin Mucus substituted Snails Fresh 

 water shells Lymnaea The internal surfaces of the 

 larger animals lined with mucus, like the external surface of 

 shell-fish Mucous membranes Cuticle in man descends 

 to the stomach Why Cuticle a sufficient protection for 

 man, but many animals require a harder covering Insects 

 Crabs Domestic difficulties of an oyster Shells of 

 shell-fish not mere houses constructed of materials collected 

 from without, but formed of matter furnished from within 

 the animal Numerous shells Curious habits of the con- 

 chologist shell. 



Conclusion. The matter for the growth of living things is exclu- 

 sively furnished from within their proper bodies, though 

 originally obtained exclusively from without, in the form of 

 food. 



Proofs of the internal power of growth from the history of 

 wounds Surprising powers of restoration in many animals 

 Abyssinian method of carving a beef-steak Anecdote of 

 a deer Water newts when deprived of a limb can con- 

 struct a new one. 



Second grand distinction between living and inanimate things. 

 The former independent in actions, but dependent on other 

 things for existence and support; the latter independent in 

 their existence, but dependent in their actions. 



Necessity that food should enter the bodies of living things in a 

 liquid or gaseous state. Hence they possess the power of 

 dissolving solids Formation of sap and blood. 



Conclusion. Living bodies must be composed in part of solids 

 and in part of fluids Seeming exceptions The vibrion 

 Darwin's moss. 



Proofs of the control of life over chemical action Its limits. 



Organised beings possess the power of constructing their own 

 particles Organisation of the fluids. Plants live chiefly 

 on inorganic food; Animals on that which is organised; but 

 this does not furnish a positive distinction between them. 

 Birds employ lime. Manures. Doctrine of the univer- 

 sality of the stomach in animals. 



