iv PR El- ACE. 



graphs have been made short; chapters are short, with 

 definite summaries appended. 



Function, rather than structure, has been made promi- 

 nent. Only so much of anatomy as is really needed to 

 understand the working of the organs has been introduced. 

 The experimental work and directions for dissection, as 

 well as some of the more difficult points, have been put in 

 smaller type, so they may more readily be omitted where 

 it is not possible to complete all the work in the given 

 time. 



Although hygiene has been given a prominent place, 

 yet it may be claimed that when the pupil is well grounded 

 in the functions of the different organs, from observational 

 and experimental work, many of the rules of hygiene will 

 readily occur to him as natural inferences. When other 

 rules for the preservation of health, which might not occur 

 to him, are suggested, he will see their significance because 

 he understands the underlying principle ; and he not only 

 can, but will, obey the rule better because he sees reason 

 in it, and does not follow it blindly as an arbitrary law 

 thrust upon him. Questions are given, at the end of each 

 chapter, to test the pupil's knowledge of principles by 

 application to new cases. 



Some of the more desirable reforms in nomenclature have 

 been adopted ; among these are the use of the terms ante- 

 rior, meaning toward the head ; posterior, in the opposite 

 direction ; dorsal, toward the back ; ventral, toward the 

 region of the belly. These terms, used instead of " up " 



