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THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BODY 



TOPICAL OUTLINE 



1. BONES are composed of mineral substance (lime) two parts, and animal 



substance (gelatin) one part. They are hard on the surface, and light 

 and porous in the interior. 

 Uses. a. Framework for the body. 



6. Protection for delicate organs, 

 c. Levers. 



2. LIGAMENTS. Strong fibrous bands. 



Use. a. Bind bones together. 



3. CARTILAGE. 



Kinds, a. Hyaline. 



b. White fibre-elastic. 



c. Yellow fibro-elastic. 



Uses. a. Forms strong yet flexible frameworks. 



b. Acts as buffers in deadening shocks and blows. 



c. Deepens the sockets of joints ; example, the hip-joint. 



cl. Covers the articulating surfaces of bones, thus reducing 

 friction. 



Immovable. Sutures, skull. 



' Gliding joints, ankle and wrist. 



4. JOINTS. -I Ball-and-socket joints, shoulder and 



Perfect -j hip. 

 Movable... -I Hinge joints, elbow and knee. 



Pivot joints, joint of atlas and axis. 

 Imperfect Vertebrae joints. 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL REVIEW 



PAGE 



1. What useful purposes do the bones serve ? 17, 18 



2. State what you can of the composition of the bones 18, 19 



3. Of the usefulness of lime in the bones 18 



4. Of the usefulness of animal substance in the bones 19 



6. State what you can of the structure of the bones 19, 21 



6. Of the strength belonging to the bones ' 21, 22 



7. What is meant by the human skeleton ? 22 



8. Give a description of its construction 23, 24 



9. What is meant by a joint in the human frame? 23 



10. State what you can of the movable joints 24 



11. What office is performed by the ligaments of the joints ? 24 



12. What by the cartilage at the joints ? 25, 26 



13. What movable joints are there ? 24 



14. Describe the construction of the spinal column 25 



15. What properties and powers does the spinal column possess ? 25 



16. When is a person taller than at other times ? 26 



17. Give the reason for this 26 



18. What can you state of the growth of bone ? 27 



19. Describe the process by which a broken bone is repaired 27, 28 



20. When does man reach his full height ? 28 



21. What changes in the bones then take place ? 28 



22. Name an exception to the general rule 28 



23. State the advantage and disadvantage in flexibility of bones 29 



24. What directions are given for the correct position ? 29 



