SECT. III. OF A GARDEN. 45 



the roots extend far) were before winter (jug or 

 ploughed over every second, or third year, and 

 dressed, by digging in some rotten dung, or sprink- 

 ling over the whqle (when rough dug) soot and 

 pigeon's dung, or that of any other poultry; th'is 

 will wash in by rains and snows, and do much good. 

 Or if an orchard were ploughed, or rough dug, every 

 year, immediately after the fall of the leaf without 

 manuring, it would be very beneficial ; for it is not 

 adviseable to give trees much dung ; a little lime only 

 surface dug is good. 



The thinning of the branches of orchard trees, 

 by an occasional use of the saw, bill, chizzel, or 

 knife, should not be neglected, that the air may have 

 free course, and the sun access among the branches : 

 This is more especially necessary in thick planted 

 orchards, and the benefit of proper pruning is very 

 great, though it is much neglected ; but after the 

 saw always smooth the part neatly. See pruning 

 of Standards, Section 12. 



To succeed well, apples and pears should be 

 planted from thirty to forty feet asunder, and cher- 

 ries and plums from twenty to thirty, according to 

 the richness of the land. The walnut should be 

 rather planted singly ; but if in a number together, 

 ought to be forty feet asunder for fruit, and thirty 

 for timber. See Nursery. These distances appear 

 great, but it is necessary, as after a few years closer 

 planting would be found evident. See planting and 

 pruning, Sect. 9, 12. 



If the intermediate ground is not cultivated, as 

 before recommended, some sort of fruit (as cherry, 

 plum, or codling') or young forest trees may be 

 planted, to be removed in time ; or currants, goose- 

 berries, &c. it may be kept also in grass, the trees 

 thorned, and small cattle turned in ; which grass, as 

 it comes early, will be found particularly useful to 



