194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



marks, which had been previously thought to be of no 

 significance, were in reality of use as a means of recog- 

 nition by the individuals of a species among themselves, 

 or by the individuals of one species of other allied 

 forms. Mr. E. B. Poulton has elaborated and system- 

 atized the various theories of color marks, principally 

 as originally presented by Mr. Wallace, and I will use 

 his classification and terminology as given in his work 

 On the Colors of Animals, merely simplifying it so as 

 to exclude such classes as are not found among birds. 

 His table of colors classified according to their uses may 

 be modified for the present purpose as follows: 



A. APTATIC COLOKS (deceitful). Causing an animal to resemble its 

 environment, or to be mistaken for some other species. 



I. CRYPTIC COLORS. Protective and aggressive resemblance. 



1. Procryptic Protective. 



a. General protective resemblance j Q 



b. Special protective resemblance. 



2. Anticryptlc Aggressive. 



c. General aggressive resemblance j C 



d. .Special. 



II. PSEUDOSEMATIC COLORS. False warning and signaling. 



1. Pseudaposematic Deceptively suggesting something dangerous 



to an enemy. 



2. Pseudepisematic (alluring colors). Deceptively suggesting some- 



thing attractive to prey. 



B. SEMATIC COLOKS (signaling). Warning and signaling colors. 

 I. APOSEMATIC COLORS. Warning colors. 



II. EPISEMATIC COLORS. Kecognition marks. 



1. Directive. 



a. Recognition by distant stragglers. 



b. In close flight. 



c. In migrations. 



2. Discriminative. 



3. Sexual. 



4. Socialistic. 



d. In darkness of nignt. 

 . In burrow. 



/. In care for young. 



C. EPIGAMIC COLORS. Colors displayed in courtship. 



