88 CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE 



tenable sort of evidence, for believing that there is more 

 than one species of Man. Nevertheless, as you know, just 

 as there are numbers of varieties in animals, so there are 

 remarkable varieties of men. I speak not merely of those 

 broad and distinct variations which you see at a glance. 

 Everybody, of course, knows the difference between a 

 Negro and a white man, and can tell a Chinaman from an 

 Englishman. They each have peculiar characteristics of 

 colour and physiognomy ; but you must recollect that the 

 characters of these races go very far deeper they extend 

 to the bony structure, and to the characters of that most 

 important of all organs to us the brain ; so that, among 

 men belonging to different races, or even within the same 

 race, one man shall have a brain a third, or half, or even 

 seventy per cent, bigger than another ; and if you take 

 the whole range of human brains, you will find a variation 

 in some cases of a hundred per cent. Apart from these 

 variations in the size of the brain, the characters of the 

 skull vary. Thus if I draw the figures of a Mongul and of 

 a Negro head on the blackboard, in the case of the last the 

 breadth would be about seven-tenths, and in the other 

 it would be nine-tenths of the total length. So that you 

 see there is abundant evidence of variation among men in 

 their natural condition. And if you turn to other animals 

 there is just the same thing. The fox, for example, which 

 has a very large geographical distribution all over Europe, 

 and parts of Asia, and on the American Continent, varies 

 greatly. There are mostly large foxes in the North, and 

 smaller ones in the South. In Germany alone, the foresters 

 reckon some eight different sorts. 



Of the tiger, no one supposes that there is more than one 

 species ; they extend from the hottest parts of Bengal, 

 into the dry, cold, bitter steppes of Siberia, into a latitude 

 of 50, so that they may even prey upon the reindeer. 

 These tigers have exceedingly different characteristics, but 

 still they all keep their general features, so that there is 

 no doubt as to their being tigers. The Siberian tiger has 

 a thick fur, a small mane, and a longitudinal stripe down 

 the back, while the tigers of Java and Sumatra differ in 

 many important respects from the tigers of Northern Asia. 

 So lions vary ; so birds vary ; and so, if you go further 

 back and lower down in creation, you find that fishes vary. 

 In different streams, in the same country even, you will 

 find the trout to be quite different to each other and easily 



